Facilitating high data transfers over long distances at a reasonable cost, Carrier Ethernet is solidifying its fundamental position as the core of next-generation networks. Since it first dazzled the IT world 40 years ago with its ability to move data over local networks, Ethernet has dramatically evolved in both form and function. And now, Carrier Ethernet, flexing its multi-gigabit muscle, is rapidly emerging as the undisputed technology of choice.
As engaging as it is comprehensive, this volume—
All You Need to Know about this Carrier-Class System
Ensuring seamless migration to Carrier Ethernet from existing technologies, as well as integration with emerging services, this text provides readers with the expert guidance needed to make full use of Ethernet technology, both now and into the future.
Defining Carrier Ethernet
Overview
Rationale
Expanded Use of Ethernet LANs
Frame Compatibility
Low Cost
High Network Access Speeds
Mass Market for Technology
Business Continuity
Enabling Technologies
Copper and Fiber Infrastructure
ADSL
ADSL2 and ADSL2+
SHDSL
VDSL
VPNs
Types of VPNs
Protocols
Service Provider Provisioned VPNs
VLANs
Broadcast Domain Reduction
Facilitate Subnet Creation
Reduce Hardware Requirements
Traffic Control
Types of VLANs
MPLS
Overview
Architecture
Operation
Applications
Interconnecting Distributed Offices
Providing Real-Time Backup
Voice, Video, and Data Support
Challenges to Carrier Ethernet
Total Cost of Operation
Packet Overhead
Management and Troubleshooting
Reliability
Security
QoS
Data Networking Concepts
Transport Technologies
LANs
WANs
Characteristics
Wireless
Data Protocols
Ethernet
Evolution
IEEE Involvement
Network Interfaces
Network Equipment
Network Interface Cards
Hubs
Operation
Passive versus Intelligent
Hubs
Switches
Operation
Advantages
Evolution
Routers
Operation
Advantages
Capabilities
Firewall
Placement
Operation
VPN Appliances
Operation
Advantages
Combining Functions
Network Facilities
T1
The DSO Time Slot
T-Carrier Hierarchy
Channelized versus Non-Channelized
SONET
Optical Carrier Levels
Framing
Utilization
The Flavors of Ethernet
Metcalfe’s Original Design
Bus-Based Network Structure
The DIX Standard
DIX Version 2.0
IEEE 802.3 Standardization
Division of Effort
Physical Layer Effort
Network Layer Effort
Data Link Layer
IEEE Changes from DIX
802.3 Frame Format
Sub-Network Access Protocol
The CSMA/CD Protocol
Frame Size
Early Ethernet
The 10 Mbps Ethernet Family
10BASE-5
10BASE-2
10BROAD-36
10BASE-T
Network Characteristics
5-4-3 Rule
FOIRL and 10BASE-F
Fast Ethernet
100BASE-T
Layer Subdivision
100BASE-TX
Network Configuration
Coding
Repeaters
100BASE-T4
100BASE-T4 Repeater Hub
100BASE-T2
Auto-Negotiation
LIT Pulses
FLP Pulses
Parallel Detection Function
The Base Page
The Next Page Function
Extended Next Page Function
Priorities
Option Considerations
Fiber
100BASE-FX
100BASE-SX
100BASE-BX
Gigabit Ethernet
Fiber-Based Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASE-SX
1000BASE-LX
Fiber Auto-Negotiation
1000BASE-ZX and LH
Copper-Based Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASE-CX
1000BASE-T
Summary
10 Gigabit Ethernet
GbE versus 10 GbE
Layers and Interfaces
XGMII
XAUI
XGMII
MAC
PCS
PMA
PMD
WAN Physical Layer
10 GbE over Copper
10GBASE-CX4
10GBASE-T
Ethernet in the First Mile
Architectures
Physical Layer Interfaces
Applications
Advantages
Use of Dual Fibers
Use of Single Fibers
EPON
MPCP
Frame Formats
Basic Ethernet
The Ethernet II/DIX Frame
Preamble Field
Destination Address Field
Source Address Field
Type Field
Data Field
Frame Check Sequence Field
The 802.3 Frame
Length Field
Preamble Field Modification
Type/Length Field Values
The 802.2 Header
Subnetwork Access Protocol
LLC Header Operation
The SNAP Frame
IPX over Ethernet
Full Duplex and the Pause Frame
Advantages
Flow Control
PAUSE Frame
Overview
Frame Fields
VLAN Tagging
The 802.1Q Standard
Advantages
Frame Format
SNAP Frames
Frame Determination
Fast Ethernet
4B5B Coding
Delimiters
Interframe Gap
Gigabit Ethernet
Carrier Extension
Half-Duplex Use
Frame Bursting
Jumbo Frames
Operation
Length Rationale
Advantages
Problems and Solutions
Performance
Basic Ethernet
SNAP Frames
Gigabit Ethernet
Frame Rates
Mathematical Oddities
Frame Rate Computations
Gigabit Constraints
LAN Switches
Bridge Operations
Transparent and Translating Bridges
Plug-and-Play Operation
Bridge Operation
Intelligent Switching Hubs
Basic Components
Buffer Memory
Delay Times
Parallel Switching
Switch Operations
Switching Techniques
Cross-Point Switching
Operation
Latency
Store-and-Forward
Filtering Capability
Operation
Delay Time
Hybrid
Switch Port Address Support
Port-Based Switching
Segment-Based Switching
Applications
Considering Port Capability
Basic Switching
Multi-Tier Networking
Interconnecting Dispersed Offices
Virtual LANs
Characteristics
Construction Basics
Implicit versus Explicit Tagging
Using Implicit Tagging
Explicit Tagging
The IEEE 802.1Q Standard
Vendor Implementation
Carrier Ethernet Services
Overview
The Metro Ethernet Forum
Requirements for Use
VLAN Tagging
The 802.1P (Priority) Standard
Latency Considerations
Fiber Connectivity
Transporting Ethernet in a Service Provider Network
Operating over Other Transports
Comparison to Other Layer 2 Protocols
Ethernet Topologies
Carrier Ethernet Service Types
E-LINE
E-LAN
E-TREE
Encapsulation Techniques
VLAN Stacking
Service Level Agreements and Quality of Service
The Service Level Agreement
Metrics
Availability
Latency
Jitter
MTTR
Installation Time
Bandwidth Provisioning
Packet Loss
Guaranteed Bandwidth
SLA Problems
OAM Overview
OAM and Ethernet
Ethernet OAMs
Functions
Testing
Link-Layer OAM
Service OAM
Quality of Service Overview
Soft versus Hard QoS
Soft QoS
Hard QoS
QoS Actions
Classification
Policing
Queuing
Scheduling
Cisco ML-Series Card
Biography
Gilbert Held