1st Edition

Biomedical Image Analysis

By Rangaraj M. Rangayyan Copyright 2004
    1312 Pages 550 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Computers have become an integral part of medical imaging systems and are used for everything from data acquisition and image generation to image display and analysis. As the scope and complexity of imaging technology steadily increase, more advanced techniques are required to solve the emerging challenges.

    Biomedical Image Analysis demonstrates the benefits reaped from the application of digital image processing, computer vision, and pattern analysis techniques to biomedical images, such as adding objective strength and improving diagnostic confidence through quantitative analysis. The book focuses on post-acquisition challenges such as image enhancement, detection of edges and objects, analysis of shape, quantification of texture and sharpness, and pattern analysis, rather than on the imaging equipment and imaging techniques. Each chapter addresses several problems associated with imaging or image analysis, outlining the typical processes, then detailing more sophisticated methods directed to the specific problems of interest.

    Biomedical Image Analysis is useful for senior undergraduate and graduate biomedical engineering students, practicing engineers, and computer scientists working in diverse areas such as telecommunications, biomedical applications, and hospital information systems.

    PREFACE
    THE NATURE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGES
    Body Temperature as an Image
    Transillumination
    Light Microscopy
    Electron Microscopy
    X-ray Imaging
    Tomography
    Nuclear Medicine Imaging
    Ultrasonography
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Objectives of Biomedical Image Analysis
    Computer-aided Diagnosis
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    IMAGE QUALITY AND INFORMATION CONTENT
    Difficulties in Image Acquisition and Analysis
    Characterization of Image Quality
    Digitization of Images
    Optical Density
    Dynamic Range
    Contrast
    Histogram
    Entropy
    Blur and Spread Functions
    Resolution
    The Fourier Transform and Spectral Content
    Modulation Transfer Function
    Signal-to-Noise Ratio
    Error-based Measures
    Application: Image Sharpness and Acutance
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    REMOVAL OF ARTIFACTS
    Characterization of Artifacts
    Synchronized or Multiframe Averaging
    Space-domain Local-statistics-based Filters
    Frequency-domain Filters
    Matrix Representation of Image Processing
    Optimal Filtering
    Adaptive Filters
    Comparative Analysis of Filters for Noise Removal
    Application: Multiframe Averaging in Confocal Microscopy
    Application: Noise Reduction in Nuclear Medicine Imaging
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
    Digital Subtraction Angiography
    Dual-energy and Energy-subtraction X-ray Imaging
    Temporal Subtraction
    Gray-scale Transforms
    Histogram Transformation
    Convolution Mask Operators
    High-frequency Emphasis
    Homomorphic Filtering for Enhancement
    Adaptive Contrast Enhancement
    Objective Assessment of Contrast Enhancement
    Application: Contrast Enhancement of Mammograms
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    DETECTION OF REGIONS OF INTEREST
    Thresholding and Binarization
    Detection of Isolated Points and Lines
    Edge Detection
    Segmentation and Region Growing
    Fuzzy-set-based Region Growing to Detect Breast Tumors
    Detection of Objects of Known Geometry
    Methods for the Improvement of Contour or Region Estimates
    Application: Detection of the Spinal Canal
    Application: Detection of the Breast Boundary in Mammograms
    Application: Detection of the Pectoral Muscle in Mammograms
    Application: Improved Segmentation of Breast Masses by Fuzzy-set-based Fusion of Contours and Regions
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    ANALYSIS OF SHAPE
    Representation of Shapes and Contours
    Shape Factors
    Fourier Descriptors
    Fractional Concavity
    Analysis of Spicularity
    Application: Shape Analysis of Calcifications
    Application: Shape Analysis of Breast Masses and Tumors
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    ANALYSIS OF TEXTURE
    Texture in Biomedical Images
    Models for the Generation of Texture
    Statistical Analysis of Texture
    Laws' Measures of Texture Energy
    Fractal Analysis
    Fourier-domain Analysis of Texture
    Segmentation and Structural Analysis of Texture
    Audification and Sonification of Texture in Images
    Application: Analysis of Breast Masses Using Texture and Gradient Measures {627}
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    ANALYSIS OF ORIENTED PATTERNS
    Oriented Patterns in Images
    Measures of Directional Distribution
    Directional Filtering
    Gabor Filters
    Directional Analysis via Multiscale Edge Detection
    Hough-Radon Transform Analysis
    Application: Analysis of Ligament Healing
    Application: Detection of Breast Tumors
    Application: Bilateral Asymmetry in Mammograms
    Application: Architectural Distortion in Mammograms
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION FROM PROJECTIONS
    Projection Geometry
    The Fourier Slice Theorem
    Backprojection
    Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques
    Imaging with Diffracting Sources
    Display of CT Images
    Agricultural and Forestry Applications
    Microtomography
    Application: Analysis of the Tumor in Neuroblastoma
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    DECONVOLUTION, DEBLURRING, AND RESTORATION
    Linear Space-invariant Restoration Filters
    Blind Deblurring
    Homomorphic Deconvolution
    Space-variant Restoration
    Application: Restoration of Nuclear Medicine Images
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    IMAGE CODING AND DATA COMPRESSION
    Considerations Based on Information Theory
    Fundamental Concepts of Coding
    Direct Source Coding
    Application: Source Coding of Digitized Mammograms
    The Need for Decorrelation
    Transform Coding
    Interpolative Coding
    Predictive Coding
    Image Scanning Using the Peano-Hilbert Curve
    Image Coding and Compression Standards
    Segmentation-based Adaptive Scanning
    Enhanced JBIG Coding
    Lower-limit Analysis of Lossless Data Compression
    Application: Teleradiology
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    PATTERN CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSTIC DECISION
    Pattern Classification
    Supervised Pattern Classification
    Unsupervised Pattern Classification
    Probabilistic Models and Statistical Decision
    Logistic Regression
    The Training and Test Steps
    Neural Networks
    Measures of Diagnostic Accuracy
    Reliability of Features, Classifiers, and Decisions
    Application: Image Enhancement for Breast Cancer Screening
    Application: Classification of Breast Masses and Tumors via Shape Analysis
    Application: Content-based Retrieval and Analysis of Breast Masses
    Remarks
    Study Questions and Problems
    Laboratory Exercises and Projects

    REFERENCES
    INDEX

    Biography

    Rangaraj M. Rangayyan