1st Edition

Bayesian Designs for Phase I-II Clinical Trials

    324 Pages 40 B/W Illustrations
    by Chapman & Hall

    324 Pages 40 B/W Illustrations
    by Chapman & Hall

    324 Pages 40 B/W Illustrations
    by Chapman & Hall

    Reliably optimizing a new treatment in humans is a critical first step in clinical evaluation since choosing a suboptimal dose or schedule may lead to failure in later trials. At the same time, if promising preclinical results do not translate into a real treatment advance, it is important to determine this quickly and terminate the clinical evaluation process to avoid wasting resources.

    Bayesian Designs for Phase I–II Clinical Trials describes how phase I–II designs can serve as a bridge or protective barrier between preclinical studies and large confirmatory clinical trials. It illustrates many of the severe drawbacks with conventional methods used for early-phase clinical trials and presents numerous Bayesian designs for human clinical trials of new experimental treatment regimes.

    Written by research leaders from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, this book shows how Bayesian designs for early-phase clinical trials can explore, refine, and optimize new experimental treatments. It emphasizes the importance of basing decisions on both efficacy and toxicity.

    Why Conduct Phase I-II Trials?
    The Conventional Paradigm
    The Continual Reassessment Method
    Problems with Conventional Dose-Finding Methods

    The Phase I-II Paradigm
    Efficacy and Toxicity
    Elements of Phase I-II Designs
    Treatment Regimes and Clinical Outcomes
    Sequentially Adaptive Decision Making
    Risk-Benefit Trade-Offs
    Stickiness and Adaptive Randomization
    Simulation as a Design Tool

    Establishing Priors
    Pathological Priors
    Prior Effective Sample Size
    Computing Priors from Elicited Values

    Efficacy-Toxicity Trade-Off–Based Designs
    General Structure
    Probability Model
    Admissibility Criteria
    Trade-off Contours
    Establishing a Prior
    Steps for Constructing a Design
    Illustration
    Sensitivity to Target Contours
    Sensitivity to Prior ESS
    Trinary Outcomes
    Time-to-Event Outcomes

    Designs with Late-Onset Outcomes
    A Common Logistical Problem
    Late-Onset Events as Missing Data
    Probability Model
    Imputation of Delayed Outcomes
    Illustration

    Utility-Based Designs
    Assigning Utilities to Outcomes
    Subjectivity of Utilities
    Utility-Based Sequential Decision Making
    Optimizing Radiation Dose for Brain Tumors

    Personalized Dose Finding
    The EffTox Design with Covariates
    Biomarker-Based Dose Finding

    Combination Trials
    Bivariate Binary Outcomes
    Bivariate Ordinal Outcomes

    Optimizing Molecularly Targeted Agents
    Features of Targeted Agents
    One Targeted Agent
    Combining Targeted and Cytotoxic Agents
    Combining Two Molecularly Targeted Agents

    Optimizing Doses in Two Cycles
    The Two-Cycle Problem
    A Two-Cycle Model
    Decision Criteria
    Illustration
    Simulation Study

    Optimizing Dose and Schedule
    Schedule Dependent Effects
    Trinary Outcomes
    Event Times Outcomes

    Dealing with Dropouts
    Dropouts and Missing Efficacy
    Probability Model
    Dose-Finding Algorithm
    Simulations

    Optimizing Intra-Arterial tPA
    Rapid Treatment of Stroke
    Probability Model
    Decision Criteria and Trial Conduct
    Priors
    Simulations

    Optimizing Sedative Dose in Preterm Infants
    Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonates
    Clinical Outcomes and Probability Model
    Prior and Likelihood
    Decision Criteria
    Simulations

    Bibliography

    Biography

    Ying Yuan is a professor and co-chief of the Section of Adaptive Clinical Trials in the Department of Biostatistics at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. He is also an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Statistics at Rice University. Dr. Yuan has published over 100 peer-reviewed research papers in top statistical and medical journals. He is an associate editor of Biometrics and a board member of the International Chinese Statistical Association. He received his PhD in biostatistics from the University of Michigan. His research interests include Bayesian adaptive clinical trial design, statistical analysis of missing data, and Bayesian statistics.

    Hoang Q. Nguyen is a senior computational scientist in the Department of Biostatistics at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. He received his PhD in computational and applied mathematics from Rice University. His research interests include Bayesian clinical trial design, computational algorithms, regression modeling, and Bayesian data analysis.

    Peter F. Thall is the Anise J. Sorrell Professor in the Department of Biostatistics at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. He is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Statistics at Rice University. Dr. Thall is a fellow of the American Statistical Association (ASA) and the Society for Clinical Trials, an associate editor for Clinical Trials and Statistics in Biosciences, and an ASA Media Expert. He has published over 200 papers and book chapters in the statistical and medical literature. He received his PhD in statistics and probability from the Florida State University. His research interests include clinical trial design, dynamic treatment regimes, prior elicitation, Bayesian nonparametric statistics, and personalized medicine.

    "The book provides a clear and detailed illustration of the motivation, applicability, and implementation of a range of Phase I–II Bayesian adaptive clinical trial designs. …
    A significant advantage of the text is its broad and straightforward applicability. For some of the proposed designs, software is freely available from an online repository of the MD Anderson Cancer Center, and step-by-step guides on how to implement the designs are often provided. A variety of examples is also included alongside the methodological sections. Moreover, the extensive research experience of the authors often translates into advice on practical issues, which may arise in a trial design, from, for example, guidance on choices, which may affect the reliability and/or effectiveness of the design, to communication dynamics with the clinicians. … Overall, it is a valuable text for those who are willing to design a Phase I–II Bayesian trial, as a reference to some existing designs and recent advancements in the field, and, more generally, for anyone interested in gaining knowledge of such designs, as a tool to explore their applicability and characteristics."
    —Silvia Calderazzo, in Biometrical Journal, November 2017

    "This book is a must-read for students, statisticians, principal investigators and researchers who wish to apply innovative and more ethical designs for Phase I/II clinical trials. Several statisticians have previously proposed designs for dose-finding studies modelling the dose-toxicity and the dose-efficacy relationships. However such methods have been published in highly specialized statistical/biostatistical journals that are not very accessible nor comprehensible for non-initiated readers. To the best of my knowledge, no book has yet solely focused on the design of Phase I/II clinical trials, despite the fact that these studies represent 33% of all conducted trials (source: ClinicalTrials.gov). This excellent book offers a well written and a step by step guide to planning, conducting and analyzing Phase I/II clinical trials."
    Sarah Zohar, The French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), Paris

    "Yuan, Nguyen and Thall are statisticians on the forefront of both theoretical statistics and practical implementation of adaptive trial designs, and have combined their knowledge and experience here to provide an exceptional textbook… A highlight of the text is a chapter on choosing priors, where the authors demonstrate that prior calibration is critical. Casual choice of priors can be disastrous in these trials (which have small cohorts and often small sample sizes), and Yuan et al. provide examples to demonstrate how poorly chosen priors can ruin operating characteristics. Complex trial designs are explained in a clear and sensible manner, making the arguments very plainly obvious as to the benefits of these more modern designs. The authors have pioneered adaptive approaches for dose-finding combining toxicity and efficacy trade-offs and present these and other designs that jointly model toxicity and efficacy… The writing style is conversational in places, making this text more enjoyable to read than many other statistics textbooks, and readers will appreciate the chapters that address practical problems often ignored in theoretical clinical trial texts: late onset and cumulative (toxicity) outcomes, molecularly targeted agents, and missing data in adaptive designs. Interactive software with a user-friendly interface is available for many of the designs, with illustrations in the text which demonstrate the implementation."
    Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer, Professor of Biostatistics, Medical University of South Carolina

    "This book covers almost every topic that you will need when designing Phase I, Phase II, and Phase I-II clinical trials. Each chapter is a treasure trove of wonderful new ideas, and contains examples - based on the authors' outstandingly broad experiences – that help the reader clearly understand the methodological aspects involved in clinical trials… This book is a "must-have" for every biostatistician involved in clinical trials."
    Satoshi Morita, Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Kyoto University