This third edition updates and expands the material presented in the best-selling first and second editions of Basic Hazardous Waste Management. It covers health and safety issues affecting hazardous waste workers, management and regulation of radioactive and biomedical/infectious wastes, as well as current trends in technologies. While the topics have been completely revised, the author employs the same practical approach that made the previous editions so popular. Chapters are structured to first outline the issue, subject, or technology, then to describe generic practice, and then to conclude with a summary of the statutory or regulatory approach.
Blackman introduces fundamental issues such as human health hazards; the environmental impacts of toxic, reactive, and ignitable materials; the mobility, pathways and fates of released hazardous materials; and the roles of science, technology, and risk assessment in the standards-setting process. He explores hazardous waste site remediation technology, and the application of federal statutes, regulations, programs, and policies to the cleanup of contaminated sites.
This text provides an introductory framework-which can serve as the foundation for a program of study in traditional as well as modern hazardous waste management-or a component of a related program. Its overview format provides numerous references to more detailed materials to assist the student or instructor in expansion on specific topics.
Objectives
Introduction
Dawning of the Problem
Early Efforts-What Worked/Didn't Work
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Objectives
Introduction
The Chemist
The Life Scientist/Health Professional
The Environmentalist
The Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat
Implementing the RCRA Definition of "Hazardous Waste"
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
PATHWAYS, FATES, AND DISPOSITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE RELEASES
Objectives
Introduction
Releases of Chemicals to the Environment
Movement, Fates, and Disposition
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
TOXICOLOGY AND THE STANDARD-SETTING PROCESSES
Objectives
Introduction
Public Health Impacts
Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
HAZARDOUS WASTE SOURCES/GENERATORS
Objectives
Introduction
The Generator Defined
Wastes Generated
Regulatory Requirements
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
Appendix A: Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries
Appendix B: DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments
TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
Objectives
Introduction
Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation
Regulatory Structures
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS AND PROCESSES
Objectives
Introduction
Administrative and Non-Technical Requirements
General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities
Hazardous Waste Treatment
Accumulation and Storage of Hazardous Waste
Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste
Other Treatment and Disposal Methods
Land Disposal Restrictions
Topics for Review or Discussion
Appendix A: MACT Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units
References
POLLUTION PREVENTION, WASTE MINIMIZATION, REUSE, AND RECYCLING
Objectives
Introduction
Hazardous Waste Minimization Techniques
Multi-Conceptual Approaches
The RCRA Hazardous Waste Minimization Program
RCRC Regulation of Recycling
EPA Implementation of The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990
Topics for Review or Discussion
Appendix A: State Agency P2 Linkages and Resources
Appendix B: P2 Information, Concepts, and Linkages
References
RCRA PERMITS, COMPLIANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT
Objectives
Introduction
Permits to Treat, Store, or Dispose of Hazardous Waste
The Corrective Action Process
Compliance Requirements of RCRA
Enforcement of RCRA Regulations
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR SITE REMEDIATION
Objectives
Introduction
Identifying Problem Sites and Obtaining Background Information
Site Assessment Procedures in the Private Sector
Compliance Inspections/Investigations by Regulatory Agencies
Site Evaluation
Topics for Review or Discussion
Appendix A: ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (Appendix x2)
References
SITE REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES, PRACTICES, AND REGULATIONS
Objectives
Introduction
Remedial Objectives
On-Site Remedial Techniques
Off-Site Technologies and Practices
RCRA and Superfund Remedial Actions
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
Appendix A: Typical Plants Used in Various Phytoremediation Applications
MEDICAL/BIOMEDICAL/INFECTIOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction
Definition and Characterization of Medical Waste
Infectious Waste Management
Treatment of infectious Waste
Topics for Review or Discussion
Appendix A: Bloodborne Pathogens Final Standard: Summary of Key Provisions
References
RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction
Background
The Nature, Effects, and Measurement of Radioactivity
Radiation Protection
Regulatory Structures
High-Level Radioactive Waste
Transuranic Waste Management
Low-Level Waste Management
Mixed Waste Management
Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Management
Topics for Review or Discussion
Appendix A: Commercial and Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Options
References
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK MANAGEMENT
Objectives
Introduction
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks-Problems and Causes
Protection of Tanks and Piping from Corrosion
Detection of Leaks from Underground Storage Tank Systems
RCRA Subtitle I Regulations and Requirements
Closure of Underground Storage Tank Facilities
Compliance Summary
Topics for Review or Discussion
References
HAZARDOUS WASTE WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY
Objectives
Introduction
Hazards Encountered on Hazardous Waste Sites
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
The HAZWOPER Summarized
Other Important Topics and Compliance Issues
Appendix A: OSHA Workplace Standards That May Apply to Hazardous Waste Sites
References
Glossary
Index
*Each chapter begins with an Objectives section and an Introduction, and concludes with Topics for Review or Discussion and References.
Biography
William C. Blackman Jr.
