1st Edition

Integrated Quantum Hybrid Systems

By Janik Wolters Copyright 2016
    292 Pages 22 Color & 87 B/W Illustrations
    by Jenny Stanford Publishing

    Integrated quantum hybrid devices, built from classical dielectric nanostructures and individual quantum systems, promise to provide a scalable platform to study and exploit the laws of quantum physics. On the one hand, there are novel applications, such as efficient computation, secure communication, and measurements with unreached accuracy. On the other, hybrid devices might serve to explore the limits of our understanding of the physical world, that is, the formalism of quantum mechanics. Thus, optical quantum hybrid systems got into the focus of many researchers worldwide.

    This book gives a comprehensive yet lucid introduction to the exciting and fast-growing field of integrated quantum hybrid systems. It presents the theoretical and experimental fundamentals and then discusses several recent results and new proposals for future experiments. Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, the book also outlines the way for more complex devices to realize schemes to entangle distant quantum systems on-chip.

    1. Introduction

    Part I: Fundamentals of Quantum Optics

    2. From the Classical to the Quantized Formulation

    2.1 Charged Particles and Normal Modes

    2.2 Classical Particle and Field Dynamics

    2.2.1 Canonical Variables

    2.2.2 Hamilton Equations

    2.2.3 Coulomb Field

    2.2.4 Space Related Variables

    2.2.5 Radiation Related Variables

    2.2.6 Maxwell Equations

    2.2.7 Momentum Related Variables

    2.2.8 Dipole Approximation

    2.3 The Quantized Hamiltonian

    3. Properties of the Quantized Electromagnetic Field

    3.1 Field Observables

    3.2 Fock States

    3.3 Coherent States

    3.4 Quasi Continuum and Density of States

    4. Light-Matter Interaction

    4.1 Second Order Perturbation Theory

    4.1.1 Absorbtion

    4.1.2 Emission

    4.1.3 Photon Detection and Statistics

    4.1.4 Excitation of Two Level Systems

    4.1.5 Total Spontaneous Emission Rate

    4.1.6 Steady State of the Two Level System

    4.1.7 Dynamic Behavior of Two Level Systems

    4.1.8 Photon Statistics and Two Level Systems

    4.1.9 Three Level Systems

    4.2 Coherent Interactions

    4.2.1 Optical Bloch Equations

    4.2.2 Analogy to Spins in Magnetic Fields

    4.2.3 Steady State Solution

    4.2.4 Rabi Oscillations

    4.2.5 BlochVector

    4.2.6 Undamped Rabi Oscillations with Detuning

    4.2.7 StaticDecoherence

    4.2.8 Measurement Induced Decoherence

    4.2.9 The Quantum Zeno Effect

    4.3. Three Level Systems

    4.3.1 The Λ-System

    4.3.2 Stimulated Raman Transition

    4.4 Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics

    4.4.1 Cavity Modes

    4.4.2 Jaynes-Cummings Model

    4.4.3 One Photon Bloch Equations

    4.4.4 Vacuum Rabi Splitting

    4.4.5 Vacuum Rabi Oscillations and Purcell Effect

    Part II: Quantum Systems for Integration into Hybrid Devices

    5. Quantum Dots

    5.1 Quantum Dot Wavefunction and Level Structure

    5.2 Experiments with Single Quantum Dots

    5.2.1 Single Photon Source

    5.2.2 Entangled Photon Source

    5.2.3 Spin Qubit

    6. Single Molecules

    6.1 Fundamentals of Single Molecules

    6.2 Experiments with Single Molecules

    6.2.1 Room Temperature Single Photon Source

    6.2.2 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance

    7. Color Centers in Diamond

    7.1 Nanodiamond

    7.2 Silicon-Vacancy Center in Diamond

    7.3 Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond

    7.3.1 Observation of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers

    7.3.2 Excited State Lifetime and Spectral Properties

    7.4 Spectral Diffusion

    7.4.1 Techniques for Measuring Spectral Diffusion

    7.4.2 The Theory of Photon Correlation Inter- ferometry

    7.4.3 Measurement of Spectral Diffusion by Photon Correlation

    7.4.4 Results of Spectral Diffusion Measurements

    7.5 Spin Physics of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers

    7.5.1 Orbitals and Triplet Levels

    7.5.2 Singlet Levels and Spin State Detection

    7.5.3 Optical Detection of Magnetic Resonances

    7.5.4 Coherent Spin Manipulation

    7.6 Simplified Model and Effect of Strain on Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers

    7.7 Demonstration of the Quantum Zeno Effect

    Part III: Optical Microstructures

    8. Electrodynamics in Media

    8.1 Maxwell’s Equations in Dielectric Media

    8.2 Linear Isotropic Dielectrics

    8.2.1 Electric Field per Photon

    8.2.2 The Classical Wave Equation

    8.3 Spontaneous Emission in Uniform Dielectrics

    8.4 Electrodynamics as an Eigenvalue Problem

    8.5 Symmetries in Dielectric Strucutures

    8.5.1 Mirror Symmetries

    8.5.2 Translation Symmetries

    8.6 Total Internal Reflection

    9. Immersion Microscopy

    9.1 Liquid Immersion Microscopy

    9.2 Solid Immersion Microscopy

    10. Index Guiding Structures

    10.1 Guided Modes in Infinite Dielectric Slabs

    10.1.1 Symmetry Considerations

    10.1.2 Mode Guiding

    10.2 Strip Waveguides and Fibers

    10.3 Whispering Gallery Modes in Disk Resonators

    10.3.1 Fabrication of Disk Resonators

    10.3.2 Measurement of the Mode Structure of Disk Resonators

    11. Photonic Crystals

    11.1 Introduction to Photonic Crystals

    11.2 Photonic Crystal Slabs

    11.2.1 Geometry and Band Structure

    11.2.2 Fabrication

    11.3 Photonic Crystal Waveguides

    11.4 Photonic Crystal Cavities

    11.4.1 L3 Cavity

    11.4.2 Optimized L3 Cavity

    11.4.3 Modulated Waveguide Cavities

    11.5 Experiments with Photonic Crystal Cavities

    11.5.1 Analysis by Intrinsic Fluorescence

    11.5.2 Analysis by Polarization Properties

    11.6 Tuning of Photonic Crystal Cavitites

    12. Applications of Photonic Crystal Cavities

    12.1 Narrow-Band Optical Filter

    12.2 Refractive Index Measurement in Ultra Small Volumes

    12.2.1 Experimental Method

    12.2.2 Temperature Dependency of the Refractive Index of GaP

    12.2.3 Influence of the Temperature on the Quality Factor

    12.3 Thermo-Optical Switching

    12.3.1 Theoretical Predictions

    12.3.2 Experimental Implementation

    Part IV: Coupling of Quantum System to Optical Microstructures

    13. Weak Coupling Regime

    13.1 Quantum Dots

    13.2 Color Centers in Diamond

    13.2.1 Top-Down Integration

    13.2.2 Bottom-Up Integration

    13.3 Applications of NV Centers in the Weak Coupling Regime

    14. Strong Coupling

    14.1 Strong Coupling Regime with Quantum Dots

    14.2 Strong Coupling with NVs in Diamond

    15. Cavity Enhanced Entanglement

    15.1 Probabilistic Entanglement

    15.1.1 A Heralded High Fidelity Entanglement Scheme

    15.1.2 Heralded Entanglement with NV Centers

    15.2 Deterministic Entanglement

    15.2.1 The Model System

    15.2.2 Effective Hamiltonian Approach

    15.2.3 Lindblad Approach

    15.2.4 Influence of the Detunings and Spectral Diffusion

    15.2.5 Inuence of Q-factor and Cavity Coupling

    16. Conclusions and Outlook

    16.1 Summary and Conclusions

    16.2 Outlook

    Acknowledgments

    Own Contributions

    Bibliography

    List of Figures

    List of Tables

    List of Abbreviations

    Index

    Biography

    Janik Wolters studied physics at Technische Universität zu Berlin, Germany, and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. He worked in the Quantum Optics Group at Institut d’Optique, Paris, France, and in the Nano-Optics Group at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, with an Elsa-Neumann Scholarship of the state of Berlin. His prize-winning research comprises theoretical solid state physics, photonic crystals, quantum optics, single emitters, nanomanipulation techniques, and quantum hybrid systems.