1st Edition

Statistical Methods in Psychiatry Research and SPSS

By M. Venkataswamy Reddy Copyright 2014
    350 Pages 83 B/W Illustrations
    by Apple Academic Press

    350 Pages 83 B/W Illustrations
    by Apple Academic Press

    This book has been prepared to help psychiatrists expand their knowledge of statistical methods and fills the gaps in their applications as well as introduces data analysis software. The book emphasizes the classification of fundamental statistical methods in psychiatry research that are precise and simple. Professionals in the field of mental health and allied subjects without any mathematical background can easily understand all the relevant statistical methods and carry out the analysis and interpret the results in their respective fields without consulting a statistician.





    The sequence of the chapters, the sections within the chapters, the subsections within the sections, and the points within the subsections have all been arranged to help professionals in classification refine their knowledge in statistical methods and fill the gaps, if any.





    Emphasizing simplicity, the fundamental statistical methods are demonstrated by means of arithmetical examples that may be reworked with pencil and paper in a matter of minutes. The results of the rework have to be checked by using SPSS, and in this way professionals are introduced to this psychiatrist-friendly data analysis software.





    Topics covered include:



    • An overview of psychiatry research



    • The organization and collection of data



    • Descriptive statistics



    • The basis of statistical inference



    • Tests of significance



    • Correlational data analysis



    • Multivariate data analysis



    • Meta-analysis



    • Reporting the results



    • Statistical software





    The language of the book is very simple and covers all aspects of statistical methods starting from organization and collection of data to descriptive statistics, statistical inference, multivariate analysis, and meta-analysis. Two chapters on computer applications deal with the most popular data analysis software: SPSS.





    The book will be very valuable to professionals and post-graduate students in psychiatry and allied fields, such as psychiatric social work, clinical psychology, psychiatric nursing, and mental health education and administration.



    Preface

    Psychiatry Research

    Research Questions in Psychiatry

    Research Approaches

    Protocol Writing for Quantitative Studies

    Variables in Psychiatry

    Statistical Methods in Psychiatry Research

    Observational Studies

    Case-Series Analysis

    Cross-Sectional Studies

    Longitudinal Studies

    Experimental Studies

    Basic Elements of Experiments

    Parallel Control Clinical Trials

    Further Control Clinical Trials

    Informal Designs of Experiments

    Formal Designs of Experiments

    One-Variable Descriptive Statistics

    Classification and Tabulation of Data

    Graphical Representation of Classified Data

    Summarizing Data: Averages

    Summarizing Data: Dispersion

    Summarizing Data: Skewness and Kurtosis

    Descriptive Statistics for Spatial Data

    Descriptive Statistics for Time-Related Data

    Mental Health Statistics

    Demographic Indicators

    Demographic Indicators of India

    Measures of Mental Morbidity

    Mental Morbidity in India

    Mental Health Delivery Systems in India

    Mental Health Service Indicators

    Service Indicators of Government Mental Hospitals

    Service Indicators of General Hospital Psychiatry Units

    Probability and Probability Distributions

    Probability Scale

    Probability Distributions

    Sampling Theory and Methods

    Theory of Sampling

    Random Sampling Methods

    Random Sampling Methods in Mental Morbidity Surveys

    Basic Elements of Statistical Inference

    Basic Elements of Estimation of Parameters

    Basic Elements of Tests of Significance

    Parametric Tests of Significance

    One-Sample Parametric Tests

    Two-Independent Sample Parametric Tests

    Two-Related Sample Parametric Tests

    Experimental Data Analysis: ANOVA

    One-Way ANOVA

    Post-Hoc Multiple Comparison Tests: Scheffe Method

    Two-Way ANOVA

    22-Factorial ANOVA

    Repeated Measures ANOVA

    Non-Parametric Tests of Significance

    One-Sample Non-Parametric Tests

    Two-Independent Sample Non-Parametric Tests

    Two-Related Sample Non-Parametric Tests

    K-Independent Sample Non-Parametric Tests

    K-Related Sample Non-Parametric Tests

    Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis

    Two-Quantitative Variables Correlation Coefficients

    Rank Correlation Coefficients

    Two-Qualitative Variables Correlation Coefficients

    Measures of Relative Risk

    Regression Analysis

    Reliability Analysis and Validity Analysis

    Scaling Techniques

    Reliability Analysis

    Validity Analysis

    Survival Analysis and Time Series Analysis

    Survival Analysis

    Time-Series Analysis

    Multivariate Statistical Methods

    Profile Techniques

    Multivariate Correlation Coefficients

    Multiple Regression Analysis

    Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)

    Analysis of Multi-Dimensional Contingency Tables

    Cluster Analysis

    Functions of Cluster Analysis

    Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

    Measures of Similarity and Dissimilarity Between Persons

    Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Methods

    Determination of Number of Clusters

    Partitioning Cluster Analysis

    Validation of Resultant Clusters Numerical Demonstration

    Discriminant Analysis

    Two-Groups Discriminant Analysis

    K-Groups Discriminant Analysis Numerical Demonstration

    Factor Analysis

    Basic Elements of Factor Analysis

    Principal Components Analysis Numerical Demonstration

    Meta-Analysis

    Location and Selection of Studies for Meta-Analysis

    End-Points of Primary Studies

    Quality Assessment of Selected Studies

    Meta-Analysis Master Sheet

    Meta-Analysis Plots

    Methods for Pooling End-Points: Fixed Effects Model

    Methods for Pooling End-Points: Random Effects Model

    Additional Meta-Analysis Techniques

    Implications of The Results of Meta-Analysis Numerical Demonstration

    Reporting The Results

    Evaluation of The Study

    Interpreting The Results

    Writing The Report

    Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS)

    SPSS Data Editor

    Procedures for Entering Data in SPSS

    Procedures To Run Data Analysis Using SPSS

    Data Handling Using Data Menu

    Data Handling Using Transform Menu

    Running Data Analysis Using SPSS

    Running ‘Parametric Tests of Significance’

    Running ‘ANOVA Tests of Significance’

    Running ‘Non-Parametric Tests of Significance’

    Running ‘Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis’

    Running ‘Reliability Analysis and Validity Analysis’

    Running ‘Survival Analysis and Time Series Analysis’

    Running ‘Multivariate Statistical Methods’

    Running ‘Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis’

    Running ‘Factor Analysis’

    Appendix 1: Basic Data of 40 Registered Patients at Nimhans

    Appendix 2: A Classification of Statistical Methods

    Appendix 3: Probability Distribution Tables

    Index

    Biography

    M. Venkataswamy Reddy is a permanent faculty member at National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India, and has over 30 years of teaching experience. He has published more than 20 scientific papers. His popular textbook, titled Statistics for Mental Health Care Research, is widely referred to by students and academicians alike. His main contributions include the development of suitable models for mental health delivery systems in India, meta-analysis for psychiatry research and STATA, and cluster analysis for psychiatry research and SPSS. He received an MSc in statistics from the Department of Statistics at Bangalore University; a DBS (PG diploma in biostatistics) from ICMR’s Institute for Research in Medical Statistics, New Delhi; and a PhD in biostatistics (topic: cluster formation in psychiatry with special reference to child psychiatry) from Bangalore University.

    "Practicing physicians and psychiatrists, even those with academic pretensions, are often overwhelmed by study designs and statistical analysis. . . . The author [of this book] has recognized statistical needs of physicians and has attempted to present a simplified approach to statistics. The book provides an overview of psychiatric research, classifies statistical methods, describes types of data and variables, introduces quantitative and qualitative variables, elaborates study designs, discusses descriptive statistics, illuminates the basis of statistical inference, explains statistical tests of significance, and introduces correlational, multivariate, and meta-analysis. Each chapter focuses on a single aspect, introduces the issues, describes statistical theory, and provides examples. It also provides details of how to use the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics) computer program for such analysis. The book is an attempt to fill the long felt need for a simple statistical text, useful for physicians and psychiatrists. . . . It will certainly help those who have a basic familiarity with statistical methods and analysis . . . . The book steps in the right direction for those who want to independently analyze and interpret data."

    —Indian Journal of Psychiatry, by K. S. Jacob, Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India