Artificial Muscles: Applications of Advanced Polymeric Nanocomposites
Features
Summary
Smart materials are the way of the future in a variety of fields, from biomedical engineering and chemistry to nanoscience, nanotechnology, and robotics. Featuring an interdisciplinary approach to smart materials and structures, Artificial Muscles: Applications of Advanced Polymeric Nanocomposites thoroughly reviews the existing knowledge of ionic polymeric conductor nanocomposites (IPCNCs), including ionic polymeric metal nanocomposites (IPMNCs) as biomimetic distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators, nanotransducers, nanorobots, artificial muscles, and electrically controllable intelligent polymeric network structures.
Authored by one of the founding fathers of the field, the book introduces fabrication and manufacturing methods of several electrically and chemically active ionic polymeric sensors, actuators, and artificial muscles, as well as a new class of electrically active polymeric nanocomposites and artificial muscles. It also describes a few apparatuses for modeling and testing various artificial muscles to show the viability of chemoactive and electroactive muscles. The authors present the theories, modeling, and numerical simulations of ionic polymeric artificial muscles’ electrodynamics and chemodynamics. In addition, they feature current industrial and medical applications of IPMNCs.
By covering the fabrication techniques of and novel developments in advanced polymeric nanocomposites, this book provides a solid foundation in the subject while stimulating further research.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Ionic Polymers, Ionic Gels, and Artificial Muscles
Introduction
A Brief History of Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) and Artificial/Synthetic Muscles
A Brief History of Electromotive Polymers
Role of Microparticles in Contraction of Gels
Ionic Polymer–Metal Nanocomposites (IPMNCs): Fundamentals
Introduction
Performance Characteristics
Advances in Force Optimization
Electric Deformation Memory Effects, Magnetic IPMNCs, and Self-Oscillatory Phenomena in Ionic Polymers
Ionic Polymer–Metal Nanocomposites: Manufacturing Techniques
Introduction
IPMNC Base Materials
Manufacturing Techniques
Ionic Polyacrylonitrile Chemoelectromechanical Artificial Muscles/Nanomuscles
Introduction
PAN Fabrication
PAN Characterization
PAN pH Meters
Electroactive PAN Muscles
Electrochemomechanical Actuation in Conductive Polyacrylonitrile (C-PAN) Fibers and Nanofibers
Five-Fingered Hand Design and Fabrication Using PAN Fiber Bundle Muscles
Micro-PAN Fiber Observation
Conclusions
PAMPS Gel Artificial Muscles
Introduction
PAMPS Gels
Gel Preparation
PAMPS Gel Application
Electroactive PAMPS Gel Robotic Structures
Engineering Strength Considerations on PAMPS Gels
Gel Robotics
Modeling and Simulation of IPMNCs as Distributed Biomimetic Nanosensors, Nanoactuators, Nanotransducers, and Artificial Muscles
Introduction
Continuum Electrodynamics of Ionic Polymeric Gels’ Swelling and Deswelling
Continuum-Diffusion Electromechanical Model for Asymmetric Bending of Ionic Polymeric Gels
Continuum Microelectromechanical Models
Microelectromechanical Modeling of Asymmetric Deformation of Ionic Gels
Time-Dependent Phenomenological Model
Conclusions
Sensing, Transduction, Feedback Control, and Robotic Applications of Polymeric Artificial Muscles
Introduction
Sensing Capabilities of IPMCs
Evaluation of IPMCs for Use as Near-DC Mechanical Sensors
Simulation and Control of Ionoelastic Beam Dynamic Deflection Model
Conductive or Conjugated Polymers as Artificial Muscles
Introduction
Deformation of Conducting or Conjugated Polymers
Engineering, Industrial, and Medical Applications of Ionic Polymer–Metal Nanocomposites
Introduction
Engineering and Industrial Applications
Biomedical Applications
Aerospace Applications
Epilogue and Conclusions
Epilogue
Conclusions: PAN Muscles
Conclusion: IPMNC Actuators
Conclusion: IPMNC Sensors and Transducers
Appendix A: Anatomy and Physiology of Human Muscle
Muscle Contraction
Role of Structural Components of Muscle Fibers
Isotonic and Isometric Contraction
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
Electromyography
ATP
Appendix B: Muscle Mechanics
Index
