Table of Contents

Epidemiology of the Health and Economic Consequences of Pediatric Obesity, A.E. Field
Abstract
Introduction: The Scope of the Problem
Consequences of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
Long-Term Health Consequences of Pediatric Obesity
Economic Costs of Pediatric Obesity
Conclusion and Summary
References
Growth and Development, S.S. Sun
Growth Measurement and Assessment
Patterns of Growth
Mathematical Models for Describing Patterns of Growth
Significance of Growth and Maturation
References
Influence of Ethnicity on Obesity Related Factors in Children and Adolescents, D. Gallagher, J.R. Fernández, P.B Higgins, and Q. He
Introduction
Health Significance of Pediatric Obesity
Fatness/Adiposity
Fat-Free Mass
Fat/Adipose Tissue Distribution
Etiology of Ethnic Differences in Body Composition
Implications of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Body Composition on Obesity
Conclusion
References
An International Perspective on Pediatric Obesity, B.M. Popkin and P. Gordon-Larsen
Introduction
Global Obesity
Dietary Changes across the Globe
Conclusions
References
Critical Periods for Abnormal Weight Gain in Children and Adolescents, S.R. Daniels
Introduction
Determinants of Critical Periods
Potential Critical Periods
Conclusion
References
Genetics of Childhood Obesity, N.F. Butte, C.A. Bacino, S.A. Cole, and A.G. Comuzzie
Introduction
Intrauterine Critical Period for the Development of Obesity
Postnatal Critical Periods for the Development of Obesity
Genetic Epidemiology: Twin, Siblings, Nuclear Families, Extended Pedigree Studies
Monogenic Obesity
Syndromic Obesity
Genomewide Scans of Obesity in Children
Candidate Gene Studies in Children
Conclusion
References
Energy Expenditure and Body Composition Techniques, A. Pietrobelli and D.A. Fields
Introduction
Body Composition
Measurement of Energy Expenditure
Measurement of Physical Activity
References
Regulation of Body Weight: Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity, M.S. Treuth and L. Bandini
Introduction
Energy Balance
Energy Requirements
Energy Expenditure
Energy Expenditure in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Physical Activity
Future Directions
Summary
References
Endocrine Disorders Associated with Pediatric Obesity, C. Ning and J.A. Yanovski
Introduction
Endocrine Disorders Associated with Pediatric Obesity
Genetic Syndromes Presenting As Endocrine Disorders That Are Associated with Obesity
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Physical Activity and Adiposity in Children and Adolescents, P. Barbeau, B. Gutin, and M. Sothern
Introduction
Determinants of Physical Activity in Youths
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, Adiposity, and Health
Directions for Future Research
Summary
References
Puberty, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes, B.A. Gower and S. Caprio
Overview
Pubertal Insulin Resistance
Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Contribution of Obesity to Insulin Resistance
Contribution of Race and Ethnicity to Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Concluding Remarks
References
Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents, M.L. Cruz
Introduction
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight Children and Adolescents
Etiology of the Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood
Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Disease Outcomes in Childhood
Strategies for Screening and Treatment, of the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Strategies for Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Behavioral Aspects of Food Intake: Implications and Potential Targets for Overweight Prevention, T.V.E. Kral, M. Dolan, J. Kerns, and M.S. Faith
Introduction
Modifying Eating Behavior for Overweight Prevention: Can Small Changes Help Achieve Energy Balance?
Effects of Food Presentation Strategies
Effects of Food Properties
Effects of Familial Feeding Styles and Meal Patterns
Refined Eating Traits and Their Potential Role in the Prevention of Overweight
Measurement Considerations and Recommendations
Conclusion
References
Behavioral Aspects of Physical Activity in Childhood and Adolescence, D. Spruijt-Metz and B.E. Saelens
Overview and Introduction
Recommendations for Children’s Physical Activity
Overall Prevalence and General Epidemiology
Promoting Physical Activity in Pediatric Populations
Elements of Behavioral Theory: Correlates, Mediators, and Moderators
The Imperative of Theory
Four Theories for Promoting Physical Activity in Pediatric Populations
Hot Topics in Physical Activity Research: Individual Differences and Correlates of Physical Activity
Conclusion
References
Influence of the Built Environment on Physical Activity and Obesity in Children and Adolescents, P. Gordon-Larsen and K.D. Reynolds
Introduction
Measuring the Built Environment
Theoretical Framework
Settings and Key Examples
Future Research
References
Community-Level Influences and Interventions for Pediatric Obesity, L.A. Lytle and K. Schmitz
Overview of Chapter
Defining Community
Influence of Community as Examined with an Ecological Approach
Community Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Positively Affect Dietary Behavior in Youth
Summary and Future Directions
References
Obesity Prevention in Schools, S.A. French and M. Story
Introduction
Obesity Prevention Interventions
School-Based Nutrition and Physical Activity Behavior Change Interventions
Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health: CATCH
Environmental Interventions: Food Pricing, Availability, and Promotion
Environmental Interventions for Physical Activity
Emerging Policy Initiatives for School-Based Obesity Prevention
Research Recommendations
References
Dietary Approaches for Obesity Treatment and Prevention in Children and Adolescents, C.B Ebbeling and D.S Ludwig
Introduction
Secular Trends in Children’s Diets
Current Dietary Approaches
Reduced Glycemic Load Diet
Conclusions
References
Breast-Feeding and Overweight, E.M. Taveras and M.W. Gillman
Introduction
Prevalence of Breast-Feeding Initiation, Exclusivity, and Duration in the United States
Association of Breast-feeding with Overweight in Children and Adolescents
Potential Mechanisms
Clinical and Public Health Implications
Acknowledgments
References Index