Hot Deformation and Processing of Aluminum Alloys
Features
- Presents tabular comparisons, chapter-end summaries, copious referencing, a table of acronyms, and full indexing
- Provides classic explanations of microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior in hot working of aluminum alloys (every wrought series, particulate composites, etc.)
- Summarizes research results relating to torsion, compression, extrusion, and rolling with POM, TEM, SEM-EBSI, and OIM microstructures
- Includes background information on dislocation behavior theory in cubic crystals and in face- and body-centered cubic and hexagonal metals at elevated temperature
Summary
A comprehensive treatise on the hot working of aluminum and its alloys, Hot Deformation and Processing of Aluminum Alloys details the possible microstructural developments that can occur with hot deformation of various alloys, as well as the kind of mechanical properties that can be anticipated. The authors take great care to explain and differentiate hot working in the context of other elevated temperature phenomena, such as creep, superplasticity, cold working, and annealing. They also pay particular attention to the fundamental mechanisms of aluminum plasticity at hot working temperatures.
Using extensive analysis derived from polarized light optical microscopy (POM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron-microscopy with electron backscatter imaging (SEM-EBSD), and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), the authors examine those microstructures that evolve in torsion, compression, extrusion, and rolling. Further microstructural analysis leads to detailed explanations of dynamic recovery (DRV), static recovery (SRV), discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (dDRX), discontinuous static recrystallization (dSRX), grain defining dynamic recovery (gDRV) (formerly geometric dynamic recrystallization, or gDRX), and continuous dynamic recrystallization involving both a single phase (cDRX/1-phase) and multiple phases (cDRX/2-phase).
A companion to other works that focus on modeling, manufacturing involving plastic and superplastic deformation, and control of texture and phase transformations, this book provides thorough explanations of microstructural development to lay the foundation for further study of the mechanisms of thermomechanical processes and their application.
Table of Contents
Aluminum and Its Alloys
Introduction, History, and Applications
Crystal Structure and Slip Behavior
Starting Point for Analyzing Plastic Forming
Alloy Development
Alloy and Temper Designations
Solidification, Segregation, and Constitutive Particles
Aluminum Industry Organization
Metal Forming and Deformation Modes
Introduction to Metal Forming
Industrial Processing Overview
Computational Modeling and Simulation
Mechanical: Elastic/Plastic Stress/Strain
Mechanical: Constitutive Equations
Microstructural Development
Hot Work Testing Techniques
Introduction to Testing
Torsion
Compression
Tension
Hot Rolling
Extrusion
Hot Working of Aluminum
DRV, Historical Perspective
Steady-State Flow Curves
Constitutive Analysis
Microstructure Evolution
Crystal Rotations, Texture, and Strain-Induced Boundaries
GB Serrations; Geometric DRX: Grain Refining DRV
DRX of Al Alloys
GB Sliding and Migration
Hot Ductility and Failure Mechanisms
Hot Working of Dispersoid and Solute Alloys
General Dispersoid Effects
Al–Mn Alloys, Can Stock (3000 Series)
Al–Fe and Al–Fe–Co Conductor Alloys
Al–Si Eutectic Forging Alloys (4000 Series)
Mechanical Alloying
Rapidly Solidified Alloys
Al–Mg Alloys (5000 Series)
Al–Mg–Mn Alloys (5000 Series)
Hot Ductility of Al–Mg and Al–Mg–Mn Alloys
Precipitation Hardening Alloys
Introduction: Precipitation Behavior
Al–Mg–Si Alloys (6000 Series)
Al–Cu–Mg Alloys (2000 Series)
Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys (7000 Series)
Al–Li–XX Alloys (8000 Series, 2090)
Aluminum Matrix Composites
Introduction
Varieties and Fabrication
Hot Deformation
Forging Experiments
Comparative Extrusion Behavior
Comparison of Hot Working of other Metals
Face-Centered Cubic Metals (Low SFE)
Body-Centered Cubic Metals
HCP Metals
Workability of Dual Phase Alloys of Ti, Zr, and Fe
Summary: Hot Workability of Different Crystal Structures
Creep: Strain Rates below 10−4 s−1
Introduction: Objectives and Description
Five-Power-Law Creep
Diffusional Creep
Harper–Dorn Creep
Three-Power Law Viscous Glide Creep
Creep Behavior of Particle-Strengthened Alloys
Creep Fracture: Grain Boundary Sliding
Cold Working
Introduction
Fundamentals of Single-Crystal Plasticity
Deformation of Polycrystals
Development of Dislocation Substructure: Textures
Influence of Solute and SFE
Very High Strains: Cyclic Extrusion-Compression
Very High Strains by Equal-Channel-Angular Pressing
Comparison of Hot and Cold Working
Models for Cold and Hot Working
Static Restoration, Annealing
Introduction
SRV after Cold Working
SRX after Cold Working
SRV after Hot Working
SRX after Hot Working
SRV and SRX during Hot Forming Schedules
Thermomechanical Processing
Introduction to Objectives
Strengthening Mechanisms
Hot Working with Retained Substructure
Hot Working with Static Recrystallization
Cold Working and Annealing
Product Textures
Deformation, Precipitation, and Particles
Powder Consolidation: Multiphase Materials
Superplasticity
Introduction to the Phenomenon
Fundamentals of Superplasticity
Classification of Processes for Refining Microstructure
Heavy Cold or Warm Working and SRX
Warm Working with cDRX in Superplastic Straining
Severe Plastic Deformation at Room Temperature
Extrusion
Introduction to the Process
Control Parameters
Insights from FEM
Substructures and Microstructures in Extrusions
Extrusion Microstructures in Al–Mg and Al–Mg–Mn (5000 Series)
Extrusion of Al–Mg–Si Alloys (6000 Series)
Extrudability of Al–Zn–Mg Alloys (7000 Series, Cu Free)
Extrudability of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys (7000 Series)
Extrudability of Al–Cu–Mg Alloys (2000 Series)
Surface Failure in Extrusion
Extrudate Properties and Recrystallization
Rolling
Introduction: The Rolling Process
Static Recovery and Recrystallization
Hot and Warm Rolling
Rolling, DRV, SRV, and SRX: Textures
Rod Rolling; Particle-Stabilized Wire
Torsional Simulation of Rolling
Rolling Simulation in Compression
Modeling of Rolling
Hot and Cold Forging
Feedstock
Preheat
Forging Rate: Press Effects
Shape and Fiber Control: Die Type
Modeling: Shape and Structure
Microstructure Development
Properties
Comparison to Semisolid Forming
