Bioavailability in Environmental Risk Assessment

Published:
November 10, 1995 by CRC Press - 320 Pages
Author(s):
Weiping Chen, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; Steve E. Hrudey, Steve E. Hrudey & Assoc, Edmonton, Canada; Colin Rousseaux

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Hardback
$189.95
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ISBN 9781566701860
Cat# L1186
 

Features

An integrated presentation of how contaminants enter humans and animals

  • Clear, concise, and comprehensive coverage of what bioavailability is and what it implies for health risk assessments
  • Complete compilation of bioavailability values of common contaminants
  • Explanations of methods for measuring bioavailability of specific contaminants
  • An overview of how bioavailability information should be used in risk assessments

    • Summary

    Since bioavailability can alter health risk estimates by a factor of 10, 100 or more, its importance in risk assessment cannot be underestimated. Presenting the basic principles that govern bioavailability and how it is measured, this very unique and timely book fills a void in the existing literature on toxicology and toxicokinetics. It contains clear and concise discussions on the behavior of environmental contaminants and how they reach the bloodstream in living organisms. It also presents an exhaustive review of measured bioavailability factors for environmental contaminants most frequently encountered at contaminated sites.

    Table of Contents

    Introduction
    Fundamental Concept of Bioavailability
    Definition of Bioavailability
    Unaltered Form
    Systemic Circulation
    Relationship Between Extent and Rate of Bioavailability
    Extent of Bioavailability
    Bioavailability in Health Risk Assessment
    Biologically Effective Dose
    Internal Dose and Average Daily Internal Dose
    External Dose and Average Daily External Dose
    Summary
    Mechanism of Absorption
    Respiratory System
    Structure and Function
    Rate-Limiting Processes for Gaseous Phase Contaminants
    Other Factors Influencing Respiratory Bioavailability for Gases and Vapors
    Rate-Limiting Processes for Particulate Phase Contaminants
    Other Factors Influencing Respiratory Bioavailability for Aerosols
    Gastrointestinal System
    Structure and Function
    Rate-Limiting Processes
    Other Factors Influencing Oral Bioavailability
    Skin
    Structure and Function
    Rate-Limiting Processes
    Other Factors Influencing Dermal Bioavailability
    Summary
    Experimental Methods for Evaluating Bioavailability
    General in Vivo Methods
    Measurement of Blood Levels
    Measurement of the Cumulative Urinary Excretion
    Mass-Balance Technique
    Measurement of Toxic Response
    Specific Methods for the Inhalation Exposure Route
    Determination of Deposition Fraction
    Mechanical Clearance Fraction
    Dissolution Rate
    In Vitro Methods: Isolated Perfused Lung
    Specific Methods for the Ingestion Exposure Route
    Measurement of Fecal Excretion
    Measurement of Liver Ratio
    Dissolution Testing
    Methods Based on the pH Partition Theory
    Specific Methods for Dermal Exposure Route
    Surface Disappearance
    In Vitro Methods: Biological Membrane Models; Artificial Membrane Models
    Summary
    Exposure Routes and Bioavailability Factors for Selected Contaminants*
    Arsenic
    Cadmium
    Chromium and Chromium Compounds
    Copper
    Mercury
    Lead
    2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)
    Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
    Benzene
    Toluene
    Polychlorinated Phenols
    Phenol
    Aniline
    Bioavailability of Xenobiotics from Contaminated Sites
    Identification of Exposure Routes
    Reliability and Validity of the Bioavailability Factors
    Choice of Experimental Methods
    Analytical Capabilities
    Species Differences
    Mixtures and Vehicles
    Mechanism of Toxicity
    Chemical Forms
    Exposure Duration and Frequency
    Priority Needs for Further Research
    Considerations for Applying Bioavailability to Health Risk Assessment
    Metals
    Organic Xenobiotics
    Other Application Considerations
    Risk Management Considerations
    References
    Glossary of Terms
    Index

    *For each of the contaminants in this section, the following is provided:
    Exposure Routes and Receptors
    Toxicokinetics (Following Absorption)
    Bioavailability (Inhalation, Ingestion, Dermal)
    Uncertainties
    Conclusions
    Recommendations

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