1st Edition

Nano-scale CMOS Analog Circuits Models and CAD Techniques for High-Level Design

    408 Pages 179 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Reliability concerns and the limitations of process technology can sometimes restrict the innovation process involved in designing nano-scale analog circuits. The success of nano-scale analog circuit design requires repeat experimentation, correct analysis of the device physics, process technology, and adequate use of the knowledge database.

    Starting with the basics, Nano-Scale CMOS Analog Circuits: Models and CAD Techniques for High-Level Design introduces the essential fundamental concepts for designing analog circuits with optimal performances. This book explains the links between the physics and technology of scaled MOS transistors and the design and simulation of nano-scale analog circuits. It also explores the development of structured computer-aided design (CAD) techniques for architecture-level and circuit-level design of analog circuits.

    The book outlines the general trends of technology scaling with respect to device geometry, process parameters, and supply voltage. It describes models and optimization techniques, as well as the compact modeling of scaled MOS transistors for VLSI circuit simulation.

    • Includes two learning-based methods: the artificial neural network (ANN) and the least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) method

    • Provides case studies demonstrating the practical use of these two methods

    • Explores circuit sizing and specification translation tasks

    • Introduces the particle swarm optimization technique and provides examples of sizing analog circuits

    • Discusses the advanced effects of scaled MOS transistors like narrow width effects, and vertical and lateral channel engineering

    Nano-Scale CMOS Analog Circuits: Models and CAD Techniques for High-Level Design describes the models and CAD techniques, explores the physics of MOS transistors, and considers the design challenges involving statistical variations of process technology parameters and reliability constraints related to circuit design.

      Introduction

      Introduction

      Characterization of Technology Scaling

      Analog Design Challenges in Scaled CMOS Technology

      Motivation for CAD Techniques

      Conventional Design Techniques for Analog IC Design

      Knowledge-based CAD Technique for Analog ICs

      Summary and Conclusion

      High-Level Modeling and Design Techniques

      Introduction

      High-Level Model

      Behavioral Model Generation Technique

      Introduction to Optimization Techniques

      Some Important Optimization Algorithms

      Multi-Objective Optimization Method

      Pareto Optimal Front

      Design Space Exploration

      Computational Complexity of a CAD Algorithm

      Technology aware Computer Aided IC Design Technique

      Commercial Design Tools

      Modeling of Scaled MOS Transistor for VLSI Circuit Simulation

      Introduction

      Device Modeling

      Compact Models

      Long-Channel MOS Transistor

      Threshold Voltage Model for Long-channel Transistor with Uniform Doping

      SPICE Level Drain Current Model

      SPICE Level I-V Model

      MOSFET Capacitances

      Short-Channel MOS Transistor

      Threshold Voltage for Short-Channel MOS Transistor

      I-V Model for Short-Channel MOS transistor

      Weak Inversion Characteristics of a Scaled MOS transistor

      Hot Carrier Effect

      Source-Drain Resistance Model

      Compact Modeling

      Salicide Technology

      Physical Model for Output Resistance

      Poly-silicon Gate Depletion Effect

      Effective Channel Length and Width

      Summary and Conclusion

      Performance and Feasibility Model Generation using Learning based Approach

      Introduction

      Requirement of Leaning-based Approaches

      Regression Problem for Performance Model Generation

      Some Related Works

      Preliminaries on Artificial Neural Network

      Neural Network Model Development

      Case Study 1: Performance Modeling of CMOS Inverter

      Case Study 2: Performance Modeling of Spiral Inductor

      Dynamic Adaptive Sampling

      Introduction to Least Squares Support Vector Machines

      Feasible Design Space and Feasibility Model

      Case Study 3: Combined Feasibility and Performance Modeling of Two-Stage Operational Amplifier

      Case Study 4: Architecture-Level Performance Modeling of Analog Systems

      Meet-in-the-Middle Approach for Construction of Architecture-Level Feasible Design Space

      Case Study 5: Construction of FeasibilityModel at Architecturelevel of an Interface Electronics for MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer System

      Summary and Conclusion

      Circuit Sizing and Specification Translation

      Introduction

      Circuit Sizing as a Design Space Exploration Problem

      Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO)

      Case Study 1: Design of a Two Stage Miller OTA

      Case Study 2: Synthesis of On-chip Spiral Inductors

      Case Study 3: Design of a nano-scale CMOS inverter for Symmetric Switching Characteristics

      The gm/ID Methodology for Low Power Design

      High-Level Specification Translation

      Summary and Conclusion

      Advanced Effects of Scaled MOS Transistors

      Introduction

      Narrow Width Effect on Threshold Voltage

      Channel Engineering of MOS Transistor

      Gate Leakage Current

      High-κ Dielectrics and Metal-Gate/High-κ CMOS Technology

      Advanced Device Structures of MOS Transistors

      Noise Characterization of MOS Transistors

      Gate Resistance and Substrate Network Model of MOS Transistor for RF Applications

      Summary and Conclusion

      Process Variability and Reliability of Nano-scale CMOS Analog Circuits

      Introduction

      Basic Concepts on Yield and Reliability

      Sources of Variations in Nanometer Scale Technology

      Systematic Process Variations

      Random Process Variations

      Statistical Modeling

      Physical Phenomena Affecting the Reliability of Scaled MOS

      Transistor

      Physical Model for MOSFET Degradation due to HCI

      Reaction-Diffusion Model for NBTI

      Reliability Simulation for Analog Circuits

      Summary and Conclusion

      Bibliography

      Biography

      Soumya Pandit received a B.Sc degree with Physics Honors, M.Sc degree in electronic science from University of Calcutta in 1998 and 2000, and an M.Tech degree in radio physics and electronics from the same university in 2002. He obtained his PhD degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in information technology in the year 2009. His current research activities are on statistical CMOS analog circuit design and optimization, process-device-circuit interaction, and soft computing applications. Dr. Pandit has to his credit several international journal and conference publications. He is a member of IEEE, USA and an associate member of the Institute of Engineers (India).

      Chittaranjan Mandal received his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 1997. He is currently a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and also the School of Information Technology at IIT, Kharagpur. His research interests include high-level system design, formal modeling, and verification. He has been an Industrial Fellow of Kingston University, UK, since 2000 and was also a recipient of a Royal Society Fellowship for conducting collaborative research in the UK. He has handled sponsored projects from government agencies as well as private agencies such as Nokia, Natsem, and Intel. He also serves as a reviewer for several journals and conferences.

      Amit Patra received B.Tech., M.Tech., and Ph.D. degrees from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in 1984, 1986, and 1990 respectively. He is currently a professor of electrical engineering at IIT Kharagpur where he served as the Dean (Alumni Affairs and International Relations) between 2007 and 2013. His current research interests include power management circuits, mixed-signal SoC design and embedded control systems. He has published more than 200 research papers and designed about 12 integrated circuits. He has carried out sponsored research with multiple industries such as National Semiconductor Corporation, Freescale Semiconductor, Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Circuits.

      "… for appropriate usage of CAD tools, deep understanding of various models and methodologies are needed for the success of today’s IC design. [this book] addresses such needs for IC design in general and analog design in particular. Thus, this is a very valuable book for students and practicing engineers involved in microelectronics."
      Dr. Samar K. Saha, Adjunct Prof. Santa Clara University; VP of Publications, IEEE Electron Devices Society