1st Edition

Secret History The Story of Cryptology

By Craig Bauer Copyright 2013
    620 Pages 198 B/W Illustrations
    by Chapman & Hall

    Winner of an Outstanding Academic Title Award from CHOICE Magazine

    Most available cryptology books primarily focus on either mathematics or history. Breaking this mold, Secret History: The Story of Cryptology gives a thorough yet accessible treatment of both the mathematics and history of cryptology. Requiring minimal mathematical prerequisites, the book presents the mathematics in sufficient detail and weaves the history throughout the chapters. In addition to the fascinating historical and political sides of cryptology, the author—a former Scholar-in-Residence at the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) Center for Cryptologic History—includes interesting instances of codes and ciphers in crime, literature, music, and art.

    Following a mainly chronological development of concepts, the book focuses on classical cryptology in the first part. It covers Greek and Viking cryptography, the Vigenère cipher, the one-time pad, transposition ciphers, Jefferson’s cipher wheel, the Playfair cipher, ADFGX, matrix encryption, World War II cipher systems (including a detailed examination of Enigma), and many other classical methods introduced before World War II.

    The second part of the book examines modern cryptology. The author looks at the work of Claude Shannon and the origin and current status of the NSA, including some of its Suite B algorithms such as elliptic curve cryptography and the Advanced Encryption Standard. He also details the controversy that surrounded the Data Encryption Standard and the early years of public key cryptography. The book not only provides the how-to of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and RSA algorithm, but also covers many attacks on the latter. Additionally, it discusses Elgamal, digital signatures, PGP, and stream ciphers and explores future directions such as quantum cryptography and DNA computing.

    With numerous real-world examples and extensive references, this book skillfully balances the historical aspects of cryptology with its mathematical details. It provides readers with a sound foundation in this dynamic field.

    Please visit Dr. Bauer's website, which provides access to exercise sets: http://depts.ycp.edu/~cbauer/

    CLASSICAL CRYPTOLOGY
    Ancient Roots
    Caveman Crypto
    Greek Cryptography
    Viking Cryptography
    Early Steganography

    Monalphabetic Substitution Ciphers, or MASCs: Disguises for Messages
    Caesar Cipher
    Other MASC Systems
    Edgar Allen Poe
    Arthur Conan Doyle
    Frequency Analysis
    Biblical Cryptology
    More Frequencies and Pattern Words
    Vowel Recognition Algorithms
    More MASCs
    Cryptanalysis of a MASC
    Unsolved Ciphers by a Killer and a Composer
    Affine Ciphers
    Morse Code and Huffman Coding
    MASC Miscellanea
    Nomenclators
    Cryptanalysis of Nomenclators
    Book Codes

    Simple Progression to an Unbreakable Cipher
    Vigenère Cipher
    History of the Vigenère Cipher
    Cryptanalysis of the Vigenère Cipher
    Kryptos
    Autokeys
    Running Key Cipher and Its Cryptoanalysis
    One-Time Pad or Vernam Cipher
    Breaking the Unbreakable
    Faking Randomness
    Unsolved Cipher from 1915
    OTPs and the SOE
    History Rewritten!

    Transposition Ciphers
    Simple Rearrangements and Columnar Transposition
    Cryptanalysis of Columnar Transposition
    Historic Uses
    Anagrams
    Double Transposition
    Word Transposition
    Transposition Devices

    Shakespeare, Jefferson, and JFK
    Shakespeare vs. Bacon
    Thomas Jefferson: President, Cryptographer
    Cipher Wheel Cryptanalysis
    Playfair Cipher
    Playfair Cryptanalysis

    World War I and Herbert O. Yardley

    Zimmermann Telegram
    ADFGX: A New Kind of Cipher
    Cryptanalysis of ADFGX
    Herbert O. Yardley
    Peacetime Victory and a Tell-All Book
    Case of the Seized Manuscript
    Cashing in, Again
    Herbert O. Yardley: Traitor
    Censorship

    Matrix Encryption
    Levine and Hill
    How Matrix Encryption Works
    Levine’s Attacks
    Bauer and Millward’s Attack
    More Stories Left to Tell

    World War II: The Enigma of Germany
    Rise of the Machines
    How Enigma Works
    Calculating the Keyspace
    Cryptanalysis Part 1. Recovering the Rotor Wirings
    Cryptanalysis Part 2. Recovering the Daily Keys
    After the Break
    Alan Turing and Bletchley Park
    Lorenz Cipher and Colossus
    What If Enigma Had Never Been Broken?
    Endings and New Beginnings

    Cryptologic War against Japan
    Forewarning of Pearl Harbor?
    Friedman’s Team Assembles
    Cryptanalysis of Red, a Japanese Diplomatic Cipher
    Purple: How It Works
    Purple Cryptanalysis
    Practical Magic
    Code Talkers
    Code Talkers in Hollywood
    Use of Languages as Oral Codes

    MODERN CRYPTOLOGY
    Claude Shannon

    About Claude Shannon
    Entropy
    One More Time
    Unicity Points
    Dazed and Confused

    National Security Agency
    Origins of NSA
    TEMPEST
    Size and Budget
    The Liberty and the Pueblo
    Church Committee Investigations
    Post Cold War Downsizing
    Some Speculation
    2000 and Beyond
    Interviewing with NSA
    BRUSA, UKUSA, and Echelon

    Data Encryption Standard
    How DES Works
    Reactions to and Cryptanalysis of DES
    EFF vs. DES
    Second Chance
    Interesting Feature
    Modes of Encryption

    Birth of Public Key Cryptography
    Revolutionary Cryptologist
    Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
    RSA: Solution from MIT
    Government Control of Cryptologic Research
    RSA Patented, Alice and Bob Born Free

    Attacking RSA
    Eleven Non-Factoring Attacks
    Factoring Challenge
    Trial Division and the Sieve of Eratosthenes (ca. 284–204 BCE)
    Fermat’s Factorization Method
    Euler’s Factorization Method
    Pollard’s p – 1 Algorithm
    Dixon’s Algorithm
    Pollard’s Number Field Sieve

    Primality Testing and Complexity Theory
    Some Facts about Primes
    Fermat Test (1640)
    Miller-Rabin Test
    Deterministic Tests for Primality
    Complexity Classes, P vs. NP, Probabilistic vs. Deterministic
    Ralph Merkle’s Public Key Systems
    Knapsack Encryption
    ElGamal Encryption

    Authenticity
    Problem from World War II
    Digital Signatures (and Some Attacks)
    Hash Functions: Speeding Things Up
    Digital Signature Algorithm

    Pretty Good Privacy
    Best of Both Worlds
    Birth of PGP
    In Zimmermann’s Own Words
    Impact of PGP
    Implementation Issues

    Stream Ciphers
    Congruential Generators
    Linear Feedback Shift Registers
    LFSR Attack
    The Cellphone Stream Cipher A5/1
    RC4

    Suite B All-Stars
    Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
    Personalities behind ECC
    Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
    AES Attacks

    Possible Futures
    Quantum Cryptography: How It Works
    Quantum Cryptography: Historical Background
    DNA Computing

    Index

    References and Further Reading appear at the end of each chapter.

    Biography

    Craig P. Bauer is an associate professor of mathematics at York College of Pennsylvania and the editor-in-chief of Cryptologia. He was the 2011-2012 Scholar-in-Residence at the National Security Agency (NSA) Center for Cryptologic History, where he wrote several papers for NSA journals, gave a large number of lectures, and made substantial progress on a second book focused on unsolved codes and ciphers. He earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from North Carolina State University.

    "Secret History is a highly recommended purchase to be considered by those with a serious interest in both the history and the ‘nuts and bolts’ of modem-day codes and ciphers. lt is both a work of pedagogy, along with its various exercises linked to individual chapters accessible via a linked website, and an interesting and exciting ‘read’ for anyone with a serious interest in the subject of today’s cryptology and its history."
    The Cryptogram, 2014

    "The book presents a wonderful story of the development of this field. It is written more like a novel than like your traditional textbook, but it contains all the necessary material to also serve as a textbook. In fact, the author has created a companion website that provides sample syllabi and problems if the book is to be used in the classroom. … This book is enjoyable. I would recommend it to anyone interested in learning more about the topic of cryptology. It is especially interesting to someone like me, an algebraist who uses cryptology as a meaningful response to why topics in pure mathematics that do not seem to have obvious applications are still very important to study."
    MAA Reviews, August 2014

    "Every once and a while a book appears that has a significant impact on the field of cryptologic history. David Kahn’s The Codebreakers and F.L. Bauer’s Decrypted Secrets are two such books. Secret History now joins that collection. … Secret History could be used as a textbook for a general education class that explores the history of cryptology (and ignores many of the mathematical sections) or for an upper-division class for mathematics or computer science majors that follows the historical evolution of cryptology (and pays attention to the mathematical sections). … What would appeal to a general audience is the engaging writing that reflects Bauer’s interest in and enthusiasm for all aspects of cryptology. … Bauer has merged cryptologic history with the mathematical foundations of cryptology in a correct, understandable, and enthusiastic presentation. Secret History is an excellent choice for a historian of cryptology, a teacher of cryptology, or anyone who wants to get a glimpse of cryptology."
    —Chris Christensen, Cryptologia

    "… fascinating read that provides a combination of cryptographic history and the underlying mathematics behind it. … For those looking for a comprehensive and decipherable text on the history of cryptography, this is one of the best on the topic in many years. Kahn’s book laid the groundwork that made a book like this possible and Secret History: The Story of Cryptology is a worthy follow-up to that legendary text."
    —Ben Rothke, Slashdot.org, 2013

    "… one of the most engaging storytelling adventures on the evolution of secret keeping. In the first part of the book, Bauer (York College of Pennsylvania; formerly, scholar-in-residence, National Security Agency) discusses the inception of secret codes in Viking messages and substitution ciphers in the era of Caesar, as well as cryptography in works of fiction such as Edgar Allen Poe’s short story "The Gold Bug." Of course, Bauer also covers the famous Bletchley Park and its enigmatic star, Alan Turing. The second part focuses on current uses of cryptography and ends with a discussion of quantum cryptography. The book will challenge anyone with even a passing interest in cryptography to try to resist developing an intense passion for it. The math behind the systems described, while present, is never obscured by the fascinating setting in which it was developed. This is the way in which cryptography, one of the most difficult applications of discrete mathematics, was meant to be learned, with real-life cloak-and-dagger intrigue. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels/libraries."
    —T.D. Richardson, CHOICE, Vol. 51, 2013

    "… looking at the table of contents it appears EXCELLENT. The field is covered thoroughly and comprehensively and in a very up-to-date manner. It is by far the clearest and most comprehensive of the books dealing with the new cryptology, including of course the classic ciphers and some of the important historical ones such as Enigma and Purple, but also the newer systems such as DES and public-key cryptography. The history seems accurate and the book provides what I was unable to give cryptology—a mathematical underpinning to it all. … All of us in the cryptology community are grateful to you for it."
    —David Kahn, historian, and author of The Codebreakers

    "There have been plenty of 'light reading' books covering the history and mechanics of cryptology - this isn't one of them. Most focus on light math concepts and/or history - this isn't one of them. Instead, it covers both but provides much more depth and detail, surveying the political side of cryptology's developments, the use of codes in crime, music and literature, and considering how classical cryptology grew from Greek to modern times. It provides close examination of the groundbreaking works of cryptologists and considers specific algorithms and their functions, and it provides charts, graphs and calculations to show exactly how cryptology works. Any with more than a casual interest in the topic will find this a solid reference."
    —California Bookwatch, January 2014