1st Edition

Energy Resources Availability, Management, and Environmental Impacts

By Kenneth J. Skipka, Louis Theodore Copyright 2014
    485 Pages 25 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

     

    The Energy Problem

    Energy Resources: Availability, Management, and Environmental Impacts identifies historical increases in demand and a continuing lack of viable management policies for regional and global energy problems. Considering the state and consumption of energy resources on a worldwide level, the authors outline and address three primary issues that they view as growing concerns: the exploitation of current forms of energy, the environmental consequences, and the social and economic ramifications involved.

    The initial chapters offer an overview of energy management, providing an introduction to energy, energy-related engineering principles, regulations, energy conservation, and sustainability. The book discusses all energy resource forms from fossil fuels to renewable resources. The authors introduce an energy matrix providing an analytical structure that quantitatively can be used to evaluate resource options and their impacts.

    The concluding chapters provide insight into the driving forces that have shaped energy policy to date and the uncertainties that face future policymakers. The book analyzes various aspects of energy management. It poses concerns and offers solutions, including a proposed approach for developing, organizing, and implementing a national energy plan for the U.S.

    A Template for Developing an Energy Policy

    •  Examines the issues involved with energy management
    •  Explores the best options for achieving energy independence
    •  Provides quantitative approaches to energy policy development
    •  Discusses specific structural and analytical approaches to solving energy management problems

    The book considers conservation and the development of new, less expensive energy forms, and the impact these can make in slowing growth in demand while fueling efficiency. It analyzes the availability of traditional energy resources and a method of quantifying their energy, economic, and environmental impacts to provide adequate, inexpensive, long-term energy supplies. It also examines the feasibility of solar power, wind, tidal, geothermal, nuclear, and other less traditional sources of energy.

    Section I Basic Principles

    Introduction to the Issues

    Introduction

    Energy Terms

    Conservation Law for Energy

    Enthalpy

    Heat Transfer

    Net Energy Analysis

    Developing a National Energy Policy

    Short Term

    Long Term

    References

    Thermodynamic Principles: Entropy Analysis

    Introduction

    Qualitative Review of the Second Law

    Describing Equations

    The Heat Exchanger Dilemma

    Applications

    Concluding Comments

    References

    Energy Demand

    Introduction

    Early History

    The First Humans

    The Industrial Revolution

    Recent Years

    Effect of Demand of Energy Resources

    Coal

    Oil

    Natural Gas

    Oil Shale

    Nuclear Energy

    Solar

    Hydroelectric

    Geothermal

    Canada

    Energy Needs

    Energy Resources

    Tar Sands

    Future Energy Demands

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Sustainability and Green Science/Engineering

    Introduction

    Sustainability

    Historical Perspective

    Resource Limitations

    Sustainable Development Considerations

    Resources for Sustainability

    Future Trends

    Green Science/Engineering

    Introduction to Green Chemistry

    Introduction to Green Science/Engineering

    Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering

    Green Resources (Internet Sources)

    References

    Energy Regulations

    Introduction

    The Regulatory System

    Laws and Regulations: The Differences

    The Role of the States

    The Department of Energy (DOE)

    The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

    Energy Information Administration (EIA)

    The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

    The 2013 New York State Energy Plan

    Overview of New York’s State Energy Plan

    References

    The Modern Energy Matrix: An Overview

    Introduction

    Energy System Components

    Resources

    Production

    Transportation/Transmission

    Coal

    Oil

    Natural Gas

    Utilization

    Energy Matrix Overview

    References

    Section II Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels

    Coal

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Oil

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Pipelines

    Ships

    Trains

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Natural Gas

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Shale Oil

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Tar Sands

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Section III Other Energy Resources

    Solar Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability, Distribution, and Characterization

    Availability

    Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Nuclear Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Conversion, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction and Conversion

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Waste Disposal

    Plant Accidents/Safety

    Radiation Effects

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Hydroelectric Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Wind Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Geothermal Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing and Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Hydrogen Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Biomass Energy

    Introduction

    Early History

    Availability/Distribution and Characterization

    Availability/Distribution

    Characterization

    Refuse/Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

    Wood

    Hazardous Wastes

    Biofuels

    Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission

    Extraction

    Processing

    Transportation/Transmission

    Environmental Issues

    Future Prospects and Concerns

    References

    Other Energy Sources

    Introduction

    Fuels Derived from Coals and Oils

    Coke

    Coal Char and Liquids

    Gaseous Fuels from Coal

    By-Product Gas from Gasification

    Coal–Water Mixture

    Hydrocarbons

    Hydrokinetic Energy

    Tidal Energy

    Ocean Thermal Energy

    Wave Energy

    References

    Section IV Aspects of Energy Management

    Energy Demand and Distribution Systems

    Introduction

    The Evolution of Energy Demand

    Energy Stakeholders

    The Role of Distribution Systems

    References

    Conservation, Sustainability, and Green Engineering

    Introduction

    Energy Conservation

    Chemical Plant and Process Applications

    Domestic Applications

    Cooling

    Heating

    Hot Water

    Cooking

    Lighting

    New Appliances

    Individual Efforts

    Sustainability Approaches

    Domestic Level

    Green Engineering

    Buildings

    Materials

    Architects

    Insulation

    Ducts and Piping

    Maintenance

    Reduced Loads

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Environmental Considerations

    Introduction

    Environmental Management Topics

    Environmental Factors

    The Health Risk Evaluation Process

    The Hazard Risk Assessment Process

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Economic Considerations

    Introduction

    Definitions

    Simple Interest

    Compound Interest

    Present Worth

    Evaluation of Sums of Money

    Uniform Series of Payments

    Depreciation

    Fabricated Equipment Cost Index

    Capital Recovery Factor

    Present Net Worth

    Perpetual Life

    Break-Even Point

    Approximate Rate of Return

    Exact Rate of Return

    Bonds

    Incremental Cost

    Capital Costs

    Operating Costs

    Energy Cost Data

    Oil

    Coal

    Natural Gas

    Renewables

    Nuclear Energy

    Hidden Economic Factors

    Project Evaluation and Optimization

    Principles of Accounting

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Political Considerations

    Introduction

    The Political Problem Associated with Natural Resource Wealth

    Energy Politics

    References

    Challenges Facing Future Energy Policy Makers

    Introduction

    Present Energy State

    Energy Sources of the Future

    Some Policy Suggestions for the Future

    Incentives

    Environmental Protection

    Unnecessary Use of Energy

    Capital Needs

    Applying the Concept of Net Energy

    Societal Concerns

    Energy Forecasts for New York State and Canada

    New York State Plan

    Canadian Plan

    Concluding Remarks

    References

    Section V Energy Management Solutions

    Introduction to Energy Policy Issues

    Introduction

    Energy Policy Priority

    Is Energy Independence a Legitimate Goal?

    The Responsibility of Government

    Concluding Comments

    References

    Energy–Environmental Interactions

    Introduction

    US Energy–Environmental Policy Issues

    General Overview/Comments

    Net Energy Concepts

    Interaction with Other Goals

    Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate

    Individual State Energy Policies

    Global Energy Policies

    References

    Quantitative Analysis of Energy Management Options

    Introduction

    Energy Resource Comparison Procedure

    Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: United States (2015–2025)

    Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Developed Nations

    (2015–2025)

    Energy Resource Comparative Analysis: Underdeveloped Nations

    (2015–2025)

    References

    Solving the Energy Management Policy Challenge

    Introduction

    Public or Private Control

    Management Approach

    The Tasks at Hand

    Design Considerations for an Energy Management Plan

    Phase 1—Structural Elements

    Phase 2—Team Organization and Leadership

    Phase 3—Establish Goal and Objectives

    Phase 4—Analytics

    Phase 5—Implementation Strategy

    Phase 6—Critical Reviews

    Factors for Consideration in Developing Energy Policy

    References

    Epilogue

    Index

    Biography

    Kenneth Skipka received a BA degree in natural sciences from Long Island University and an MS in meteorology from Cornell University. In 1986 Mr. Skipka, along with three partners, founded RTP Environmental Associates, Inc. (RTP), an environmental consulting firm specializing in air, water, and solid waste issues for a variety of industries, particularly the power industry. He is currently a principal with RTP Environmental Associates, Inc.; owner of the IT Leasing Company; and, a long-standing member of the Air & Waste Management Association (AWMA). He has authored, collaborated on, and/or published numerous books, technical reports, and papers.

    Louis Theodore received the degrees of MChE and EngScD from New York University and a BChE from The Cooper Union. Over the past 50 years, Dr. Theodore was a successful educator (holding the rank of full professor of chemical engineering), graduate program director (raising extensive financial support from local industries), researcher, professional innovator, and communicator in the engineering field. He has authored 98 text/reference books, over 100 technical papers, and is the author of the recent CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group risk assessment text Environmental Health and Hazard Risk Assessment: Principles and Calculations.

    "Congratulations to both authors for this contribution to energy management literature. In addition to providing an outstanding review of the energy resources available, they have proposed an energy plan that has the potential of solving the dysfunctional state of our nation’s energy problem. Their plan successfully removes the past negative impacts of regulatory, political, regional, etc., self-serving interests currently impeding the development of an implementable energy plan. The quantification of the pros and cons of all the major contributors to energy resource assessments is another positive feature."
    ––Rita D'Aquino, Technical Editorial Consultant (Former Editor of CEP magazine)

    "This book provides a broad spectrum of topics in the energy discussion. From fundamental energy principles (e.g. first law of thermodynamics) to energy management and policy, this book is an excellent resource for the energy professional."
    ––James Patrick Abulencia, Ph.D., associate professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College, New York, USA


    "Skipka and Theodore have brought to life and made very understandable the present energy management dilemma facing society.  I was particularly happy to see the chapters on environmental implications and economic considerations included as I believe these must be a particular focal point of any energy policy."
    —Anthony J. Buonicore, P.E., BCEE, QEP, Chief Executive Officer, Buonicore Partners, Inc