1st Edition

Chronic Inflammation Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions

Edited By Sashwati Roy, Debasis Bagchi, Siba P. Raychaudhuri Copyright 2013
    472 Pages 11 Color & 63 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    472 Pages 11 Color & 63 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Although acute inflammation is a healthy physiological response indicative of wound healing, chronic inflammation has been directly implicated in a wide range of degenerative human health disorders encompassing almost all present day non-communicable diseases including autoimmune diseases, obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions provides an exposition of the process of chronic inflammation in three parts:

    1. Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory Mechanisms describes the process of chronic inflammation including initiation, progression, and resolution.
    2. Pathologies Associated with Inflammation gives a rigorous and critical treatment of specific human health disorders where chronic inflammation plays a major role.
    3. Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases details the protective abilities of structurally diverse antioxidants, phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory diets, omega-3 fatty acids, NSAIDs, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and novel regimens.

    Designed for scientists as well as clinicians, Chronic Inflammation provides critical understanding of the key checkpoints that regulate chronic inflammation. Going beyond the epidemiology of chronic inflammation, the text covers regulatory mechanisms controlling inflammation initiation, progression, and resolution. The authors address pathologies associated with inflammation and provide various nutritional and therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases.

    SECTION I Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory Mechanisms
    At the Interface between Acute and Chronic Inflammation: Insights from Computational Modeling
    Yoram Vodovotz
    Inflammation in Health and Disease: A Robust, Adaptive, Multiscale System
    Inflammation Is a Complex System with Context-Dependent Regulation: Insights from Computational Modeling
    From Wound Healing to Cancer: Modeling Interrelationships among Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer
    From Modeling to Rational Reprogramming of Inflammation
    Summary: Clinical and Basic Science Perspectives
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgments
    References

    The Cellular Component of Chronic Inflammation
    Julie Roda and Tim Eubank
    What is Chronic Inflammation?
    The Cellular Component of Chronic Inflammation
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Mast Cells in Chronic Inflammation
    Traci A. Wilgus and Brian C. Wulff
    Mast Cell Biology
    Physiological Functions
    Pathological Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Inflammation
    Kiichi Hirota
    Inflammation
    Interaction between Hypoxic Environment and Inflammation
    Canonical Signaling Pathway to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Activation
    Oxygen Tension-Independent Activation of HIF
    Cross Talk between NF-κB and HIF Immunocompetent Cells and HIF Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on HIF Activity
    Inflammatory Disorders and HIF
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Bioactive Phospholipid Mediators of Inflammation
    Sainath R. Kotha, Jordan D. Secor, Smitha Malireddy, and Narasimham L. Parinandi
    Salient Features of Inflammation
    Mediators of Inflammation
    Phosphatidic Acid (PA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of Inflammation
    Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of Inflammation
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgements
    References

    Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Atherosclerotic Development and Resolution
    Reeva Aggarwal, Vincent J. Pompili, and Hiranmoy Das
    Introduction
    HSC Regulation of Self-Renewal
    Differentiation of HSCs
    Development of Atherosclerosis
    Therapies for Atherosclerosis
    Development of Ischemia and Therapy
    Conclusions and Perspectives
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgments
    References

    Inflammation as a Confounding Factor in Regenerative Medicine
    Myron Allukian and Kenneth W. Liechty
    Inflammation
    Cells
    Extracellular Matrix
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Points
    References

    NOx in the CNS: Inflammation and Beyond
    Annadora J. Bruce-Keller
    NOx History and Structure
    Cell Type Specific Expression and Function in Brain
    Physiologic Mechanisms of NOx Signaling
    Conclusions and Unanswered Questions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Resolution of Inflammation
    Amitava Das and Sashwati Roy
    Introduction
    Cascades of Wound Healing
    Resolution of Inflammation
    Role of Micrornas in Inflammation
    Linking Micrornas and Lipid Mediators in Resolution of Inflammation
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    H2S in Inflammation
    Hyun-Ock Pae and Hun-Taeg Chung
    Introduction
    Dynamic Interplay of H2S with NO and CO in Inflammatory Conditions
    Janus Face of H2S: Its Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
    Perspectives
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgements
    References

    SECTION II Pathologies Associated with Inflammation
    Is There a Connection between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress?
    Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu, Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, Krithika Selvarajan, and Sampath Parthasarathy
    Introduction
    Atherosclerosis
    Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis
    Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
    Would Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants Prevent Atherosclerosis?
    Conclusions
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgements
    References

    Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: A Matter of Lifestyle
    Subash C. Gupta, Ji Hye Kim, Sahdeo Prasad, and Bharat B. Aggarwal
    What Is Inflammation?
    Regulation of Inflammation at the Molecular Level
    Lifestyle Factors That Activate Inflammation
    How Inflammation Causes Cancer
    Controlling Inflammation and Cancer
    Conclusion and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgments
    References

    Chronic Wounds and Inflammation
    Jaideep Banerjee and Chandan K. Sen
    Introduction
    Most Common Types of Chronic Wounds
    Phases of Healing
    Wound Inflammatory Response
    Excess Inflammation is Associated with Impaired Wound Healing
    MicroRNAs in Chronic Inflammation
    Biofi lm and Chronic Wound Inflammation
    Conclusion and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Multiphasic Roles for TGF-Beta in Scarring: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention
    Praveen R. Arany, George X. Huang, and Woo Seob Kim
    Introduction
    Etiopathogenesis of Scar Generation
    TGF-β1 as a Plausible Link Targeting TGF-β1 in Scar Management
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Natural Vitamin E Tocotrienol against Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress
    Cameron Rink and Savita Khanna
    Central Nervous System Immunology
    Tocotrienol Vitamin E
    Arachidonic Acid Cascade in NeuroInflammatory Disease
    Conclusion and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Inflammatory Cascades in Autoimmune Disease
    Amita Aggarwal and Arpita Myles
    Introduction
    Rheumatoid Arthritis
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Shear Stress and Vascular Inflammation: A Study in the Lung
    John Noel and Shampa Chatterjee
    Introduction
    Haemodynamic Forces and the Quiescent and Activated Endothelium
    Disturbed Flow and Inflammatory Responses of Endothelial Cells
    Inflammation in the Pulmonary Endothelium
    The Pulmonary Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target
    Conclusions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    NGF and Its Receptor System in Inflammatory Diseases
    Anupam Mitra, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Siba P. Raychaudhuri
    Neurogenic Inflammation
    NGF and Its Receptor
    NGF and Its Role in Inflammatory Cascade
    Role of NGF in Different Inflammatory Diseases
    Conclusions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    SECTION III Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases
    Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants
    Naveen Kaushal, Vivek Narayan, Ujjawal H. Gandhi, Shakira M. Nelson,Anil Kumar Kotha, and K. Sandeep Prabhu
    Introduction
    ROS Mediated Oxidative Stress as Source of Inflammation
    Antioxidants as Anti-Inflammatory Agents
    Trace Elements as Antioxidants
    Summary and Future Directives
    Acknowledgments
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Lipid Biomarkers of Inflammation
    Ginger L. Milne
    Introduction
    Prostaglandins and Inflammation
    Leukotrienes and Inflammation
    Nonenzymatic Lipid Peroxidation: The Isoprostanes
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Physical Activity and Inflammation: An Overview
    Edite Teixeira de Lemos and Flávio Reis
    The State of Low-Grade Inflammation—Healthy Significance
    The Anti-Inflammatory Nature of Physical Activity
    Exercise-Induced Inflammation
    Physical Activity for the Treatment of Low-Grade Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes
    Philip C. Calder
    Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids—Naming, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Intakes
    Omega-6 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cells Involved in Inflammation
    Arachidonic Acid Is a Precursor of Eicosanoid Mediators Involved in Inflammation
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Lipid Mediators
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids Decrease NFkB-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling
    Effects of EPA and DHA on T Cells
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Therapeutic Option for Chronic Inflammation
    Conclusions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals, Obesity, and Diabetes: An Overview
    Srujana Rayalam, MaryAnne Della-Fera, and Clifton A. Baile
    Introduction
    Obesity and Diabetes as Major Public Health Issues
    Adipose Tissue as a Secretory Organ
    Relationship between Obesity, Diabetes, and Inflammation
    Complications of Obesity and Diabetes
    Phytochemicals in Obesity and Diabetes
    Perspectives
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicines for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome
    George Q. Li, Ka H. Wong, Antony Kam, Xian Zhou, Eshaifol A. Omar, Ali Alqahtani, Kong M. Li, Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski, and Kelvin Chan
    Introduction
    Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine
    Heat Clearing Chinese Herbs for Metabolic Syndrome
    Anti-Inflammatory Food and Tea
    Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome
    Discussion and Summary
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgments
    References

    Epigenetics and Nutriepigenomics in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions
    Saravanan Rajendrasozhanm, Isaac K. Sundar, and Irfan Rahman
    Lung Inflammation and Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Diseases (Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
    Epigenetic/Epigenomic Changes
    Molecular Epigenomic Targets for Therapeutic Interventions
    Nutriepigenomics
    Perspectives
    Conclusions and Future Directions
    Take-Home Messages
    Acknowledgments
    References

    Biologics: Molecular Medicine from Bench to Bedside
    Ananya Datta Mitra, Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Debasis Bagchi
    Introduction
    Interplay of the Immune System in the Development of Autoimmune Disease
    Targets for Biologics
    Conclusions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs
    Nigil Haroon and Vinod Chandran
    Introduction
    Methotrexate
    Leflunomide
    Sulfasalazine
    Antimalarials
    Azathioprine
    Cyclosporin A
    Other DMARDs
    Conclusions
    Take-Home Messages
    References

    Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
    Alakendu Ghosh and Pradyot Sinhamahapatra
    Introduction
    History
    Mechanism of Action
    Classification
    Pharmacokinetics
    Pharmacodynamics
    Clinical Uses of NSAIDs
    How to Guide Therapy
    Adverse Reactions and Toxicities of NSAIDs
    Choice of NSAIDs
    Precautions for Use of NSAIDs
    Drug Interactions
    Special Situations and Toxicities
    Treatment Options for Patients with Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Risk Take-Home Messages
    References
    Web sites
    General Resources
    Index

    Biography

    Sashwati Roy, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Surgery and Director, Laser Capture Molecular Core in the College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus.

    Debasis Bagchi, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of Houston, Texas. His research interests include free radicals, human diseases, carcinogenesis, pathophysiology, mechanistic aspects of cytoprotection by antioxidants, regulatory pathways in obesity, and gene expression.

    Siba P. Raychaudhuri, MD, is the Chief of the Rheumatology Division at the VA Medical Center in Sacramento, California, and a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology at the University of California, Davis. Dr. Raychaudhuri’s major research focus is to understand the molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.