1st Edition

From Belief to Knowledge Achieving and Sustaining an Adaptive Culture in Organizations

By Neil Douglas, Terry Wykowski Copyright 2011
    261 Pages 13 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    261 Pages 13 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    Belief is not knowledge, but we tend to hold our beliefs as if they represent knowledge, selecting whatever evidence is required to justify them. And because humans tend to cling to their beliefs as truths, organizations often ignore the need for change, no matter how urgent that need.

    From Belief to Knowledge: Achieving and Sustaining an Adaptive Culture in Organizations offers potential change agents an integrative analysis and treatment of the problem of organizational learning. It demonstrates the importance of looking beneath beliefs and assumptions to find the roots and persistent influences that preserve them. It gives us a much broader definition of organizational knowledge than that associated with information technology and the currently popular idea of knowledge as an asset. Furthermore, it provides an alternative view of culture and change, one that is defined by the ability to continually align collective beliefs with reality.

    "Douglas and Wykowski…answer the question that lingers in the minds of many managers – What does organizational learning mean and how does it influence ongoing organizational success?"
       – Lee Newick, Shell Downstream

    Rather than offer simple recipes, this book shows how good leaders can evolve and sustain an adaptive culture that develops knowledge through purposeful human interaction. It explores key dynamics of learning, considers the diversity of beliefs present in any group, and demonstrates ways that those leaders can explore and encourage the potential of both the group and individuals within the group.

    "Although this book is geared to organizational change, it has the potential to change all areas of human endeavor."
       – David Julian Hodges, City University of New York

    Chapter 1 Introduction
    Belief, Knowledge and the Consequences of Human Endeavor
    Organizations
    Rationale and Structure of This Book
    References

    Section I Foundations

    Chapter 2 What Does It Mean to Know?
    Anticipatory Summary
    What Does It Mean to Know?
    The "Standard Analysis" of Knowledge
    Belief
    Truth
    Justification
    Challenges to the Standard Analysis
    Skepticism
    Relativism
    The Gettier Problem
    Naturalized Epistemology
    References

    Chapter 3 Reality and Knowing
    Anticipatory Summary
    Reality and Knowing
    Multiple Realities
    The Realities of Everyday Life An Ontology for Organizational Life
    Physical or Natural Reality
    Constructed Reality
    Mathematical Reality
    Objective and Subjective Realities
    Knowledge Implications
    References

    Chapter 4 Epistemology: Theory of Knowledge
    Anticipatory Summary
    Epistemology: Theory of Knowledge
    Theories of Knowledge
    Dualism
    Theories
    References

    Chapter 5 Exploring the Epistemic Terrain
    Anticipatory Summary
    Exploring the Epistemic Terrain
    Integrating Realities and Theories
    Natural or Physical Reality
    Material Reality
    Nonmaterial Reality
    Conceptual Reality
    Bridging or Reconciling Theories
    Framing Section II
    References

    Section II Applications

    Chapter 6 The Knowing Subject
    Anticipatory Summary
    The Knowing Subject
    Psychological and External Realities
    Cognition
    Perception
    Memory
    Attribution
    Emotion
    The Role of Individuals in the Growth of Knowledge
    Why Do We Not Know?
    How Can We Come to Know More Fully?
    References

    Chapter 7 Collective Knowing
    Anticipatory Summary
    Collective Knowing
    Bridging from Individuals to Groups
    Individuals in Groups
    Emergent Properties of Groups
    The Quality of Discourse
    Trivium
    Dialogue
    The Mechanics of Dialogue
    The Role of Groups in the Growth of Knowledge
    Why Do We Not Know as Groups or Collections of Individuals?
    How Can We Come to Know More Fully Through the Work of Groups?
    References

    Chapter 8 Leaders
    Anticipatory Summary
    Leaders
    Factors That Constrain the Growth of Knowledge
    Factors That Facilitate the Growth of Knowledge
    Leaders and the Growth of Knowledge
    What Role Do Leaders Play in Not Knowing?
    What Role Do Leaders Play in Knowing More Fully?
    References

    Chapter 9 Culture
    Anticipatory Summary
    Culture
    The Meaning and Dimensions of Culture
    The Dynamics of Culture
    The Formation of Culture
    The Perpetuation of Culture
    Relevance of the Naturalistic Perspective
    Culture and the Growth of Knowledge
    How Does Culture Constrain the Growth of Knowledge?
    How Does Culture Facilitate the Growth of Knowledge?
    Culture Change versus a Culture of Change (Creating and Sustaining an Adaptive Culture)
    References
    Postscript
    Reference
    Index

    Biography

    Neil Douglas and Terry S. Wykowski are Principals of the Oxford Consulting Group in Houston Texas. The Group’s focus is to blend expertise in outcomes oriented management with psychology and organizational behavior.

    From Belief to Knowledge is a timely contribution to a key debate within the organizational studies literature – what is the role of knowledge in change processes within modern and complex organizations? Whilst leaders proceed in their leadership of organizations in the belief that they have a body of knowledge that they draw upon as they lead, it is often the case that their knowledge is essentially a series of assumptions or beliefs and these determine the decisions they make and the actions they pursue.

    ... This book puts forward the proposition that how we form the beliefs we hold significantly influences what we believe and is the key process in shaping our personal anchors in knowledge that informs our action. This well written, thoughtful and thought provoking book will challenge leaders to consider the fundamental differences between belief and knowledge. It provides a novel contribution in its integrative analysis of the issue of learning and change in organizations. It offers leaders and scholars of change a considered opportunity to explore the transitions along the continuum from belief to knowledge that can lead to sustainable change.
       -- Sue Dopson, PhD, Rhodes Trust Professor of Organisational Behaviour, Director of Research Degrees, Said Business School, University of Oxford 

    Organizational learning has been defined in various ways. Soe of these definitions and designs for implementation have been elegant; some of them have been simplistic, yet none seem to have had a lasting impact. Douglas and Wykowski in From Belief to Knowledge address organizational learning as an integrated system, where knowledge provides the linkage to adapt to changing environments all the while delivering improved performance. They answer the question that lingers in the minds of many managers – what does organizational learning mean and how does it influence ongoing organizational success? I expect this book to be highly influential.
    -- Lee Newick, General Manager – Contracting and Procurement, Global Manufacturing/Shell Downstream

    From Belief to Knowledge represents a paradigm shift in understanding knowledge and has added significantly to critical thinking. The book has the potential to shift thinking from firmly held assumptions and beliefs to real knowledge when the reader has the courage and motivation to confront their beliefs in the search for truth. Douglas and Wykowski challenge us to become conscious of our own beliefs and how we form them, which affect all our actions. Although this book is geared to organizational change, it has the potential to change all areas of human endeavor. My understanding of culture and culture change has been greatly enhanced by this thorough scholarship and practical application to knowledge.
       -- David Julian Hodges, PhD, Professor of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York

    If you accept, as I do, that in a knowledge economy, the successful organizations are those that continuously invest in their knowledge producing capability, then this book provides valuable insights for thought and action. Uniquely, they make the case for the growth of knowledge as a defining characteristic of culture in contrast to the treatment of knowledge as one asset among many. Douglas and Wykowski drill down into theories of knowledge and, importantly, of knowing, to argue that multiple approaches to knowledge capability-building are required. They seek to translate these arguments into practice and then address what sort of leadership and human interaction are required.
       -- Michael Earl, Emeritus Professor of Information Management, University of Oxford