Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry
Features
- Presents a comprehensive description of all classes of production chemicals for the oil and gas industry
- Reviews past and present classes of production chemicals
- Includes many non-journal references, especially SPE papers and patents
- Focuses on the structure of chemicals known to produce a required or desired performance
- Provides the chemical foundation to assist in the design of improved chemicals
- Discusses environmental issues pertaining to the use of production chemicals
Summary
Modern production methods and environmental constraints demand chemical solutions. And as oilfields age, the need for chemicals to ensure steady production increases. Production Chemicals for the Oil and Gas Industry describes classes of production chemicals for use topside and downhole in the upstream oil and gas industry. It includes coverage of their mechanisms, deployment methods, and, where available, environmental properties.
The first chapter gives a general overview of production chemistry issues, the factors that affect the choice of production chemicals, environmental regulations, suggestions for designing greener chemicals, and a brief overview of how to remove mercury and arsenic compounds from production fluids. Each of the remaining chapters begins with an introduction to a problem for which there is a production chemical. The author discusses chemical and non-chemical methods, and then thoroughly details the structural classes of production chemicals and how they can be tested. He includes information on the use of the chemical or technique in the field. References at the end of each chapter provide details on the synthesis, testing, theory, and application of each type of chemical.
Unfortunately, crude oil production is characterized by variable production rates and unpredictable changes to the nature of the produced fluids. Unlike other texts that focus on how products perform in the field and how they are tested, this book focuses on the specific structures of a range of chemicals that are known to deliver the required or desired performance. It also provides an understanding of the issues involved in the use of chemicals and a range of production chemical additives that may be used to rectify issues that would not otherwise be fully resolved.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Environmental Issues
Production Chemistry Overview
Factors that Affect the Choice of Production Chemical
Environmental and Ecotoxicological Regulations
Designing Greener Chemicals
Mercury and Arsenic Production
References
Water and Gas Control
Introduction
Resins and Elastomers
Inorganic Gels
Cross-linked Organic Polymer Gels for Permanent Shut-ofF
Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels
Disproportionate Permeability Reducers (DPR) or Relative Permeability Modifiers (RPM)
Water Control Using Microparticles
Gas Shut-off
References
Scale Control
Introduction
Types of Scale
Non-Chemical Scale Control
Scale Inhibition of Group II Carbonates and Sulfates
Sulfide Scale Inhibition
Halite Scale Inhibition
Methods of Deploying Scale InhibitorS
Performance Testing of Scale Inhibitors
Chemical Scale Removal
References
Asphaltene Control
Introduction
Asphaltene Dispersants and Inhibitors
Low Molecular Weight, Non-polymeric Asphaltene Dispersants (ADs)
Oligomeric (Resinous) and Polymeric AIs
Summary of ADs and AIs
Asphaltene Dissolvers
References
Acid Stimulation
Introduction
Fracture Acidizing of Carbonate Formations
Matrix Acidizing
Potential Formation Damage from Acidizing
Acidizing Additives
Axial Placement of Acid Treatments
Radial Placement of Acidizing Treatments
References
Sand Control
Introduction
Chemical Sand Control
References
Control of Naphthenate and Other Carboxylate Fouling
Introduction
Naphthenate Deposition Control Using Acids
Low Dosage Naphthenate Inhibitors (LDNIs)
References
Corrosion Control During Production
Introduction
Methods of Corrosion Control
Corrosion Inhibitors
Film-forming Corrosion Inhibitors
References
Gas Hydrate Control
Introduction
Chemical Prevention of Hydrate Plugging
Gas Hydrate Plug Removal
References
Wax (Paraffin) Control
Introduction
Wax Control Strategies
Chemical Wax Removal
Chemical Wax Prevention
References
Demulsifiers
Introduction
Methods of Demulsification
Water-in-Oil Demulsifiers
References
Foam Control
Introduction
Defoamers and Anti-foams
References
Flocculants
Introduction
Theory of Flocculation
Flocculants
References
Biocides
Introduction
Chemicals for Control of Bacteria
Biocides
Biostats (Control "Biocides" or Metabolic Inhibitors)
Summary
References
Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers
Introduction
Non-regenerative H2S Scavengers
Summary
References
Oxygen Scavengers
Introduction
Classes of Oxygen Scavengers
References
Drag Reducing Agents (DRAs)
Introduction
DRA Mechanisms
Oil-soluble DRAs
References
Appendix 1
Author Biography
Editorial Reviews
… covers the multitude of problems facing the production chemist in the oil industry … very readable … It is fine reference book for experienced personnel and an excellent source of information for newcomers.
—E. J. Vase, Chromatographia 2010, 72, July (No. 1/2)
