Table of Contents

Examination and Conservation of Historic and Archaeological Metal Artefacts: A European Overview
C Degrigny, ICOM-CC Metal Working Group, France
 - Introduction
 - How scientific and archaeometric studies receive the majority of funds
 - The necessity for research on conservation of historical and archaeological artefacts
 - Training in conservation science: a chance for better recognition of the discipline?
 - Pro-active responsibilities for conservators
 - Networking
 - Conclusion
 - References

Corrosion Behaviour of Low Alloy Steels: from Ancient Past to Far Future
G Santarini, Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique, France
 - Introduction
 - Uniform corrosion and localised corrosion
 - Atmospheric corrosion
 - Corrosion in soils
 - Corrosion in cementitious environments
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Archaeological Metal Artefacts and Conservation Issues: Long Term Corrosion Studies
R Bertholon, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbone, France
 - Introduction
 - The artefact’s history and its material condition
 - The limit of the original surface
 - Locating the limitos
 - Conclusion
 - References

Contribution of Iron Archaeological Artefacts To The Estimation of Average Corrosion Rates and The Long Term Corrosion Mechanisms of Low Carbon Steel Buried In Steel
D Neff, E Vega, P Dillmann and G Beranger, Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique, L Bellot-Gurlet, Université Pierre et Maire Curie Paris, and M Descostes, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
 - Introduction
 - Literature review
 - Characterisation of corrosion layouts and mechanisms
 - Average corrosion rate estimation
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Electrochemical Study Of Steel Artefacts From World War I: Contribution Of A. C. Impedance Spectroscopy And Chronoamperometry To Describe The Behaviour Of The Corrosion Layers
E Pons, C Lemaitre and D David, Université de Technologie de Compiègne and D Crusset, ANDRA, France
 - Introduction
 - Objects and experimental methods
 - A specific electrochemical behaviour according to the corrosion layers
 - Advanced electrochemical study of the internal corrosion layer
 - Conclusion
 - References

Species Transport In The Corrosion Products Of Ferrous Archaeological Analogues: A Contribution To The Modelling Of Iron Long Term Corrosion Mechanisms
E Vega, P Dillmann and P Berger, Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique and P Fluzin, Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures, France
 - Introduction
 - Analysed corpus and experimental methods
 - Results and discussion
 - Corrosion rates evaluation
 - Conclusion
 - References

Long Term Behaviour Of Iron Embedded In Concrete: From The Characterisation Of Archaeological Analogues To The Verification Of The Oxygen Reduction As The Limiting Step For Corrosion Rate
W J Chitty, B Huet, P Dillman and V L’Hostis, Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique, G Beranger, Université de Technologie de Compiègne and H Idrissi, INSA de Lyon, France
 - Introduction
 - Characterisation of long term corrosion layout of iron embedded in old binders
 - Proposition of a modelling approach for the corrosion of iron in concrete
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Study Of The Atmospheric Corrosion of Iron by Ageing Historical Artefacts and Contemporary Low-Alloy Steel In Climatic Chamber: Comparison with Mechanistic Modelling
L Maréchal, S Perrin, P Dillmann and S Santarini, Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique, France
 - Introduction
 - Atmospheric corrosion of iron
 - Experimental ageing of historical artefacts
 - Results and discussion
 - Conclusion
 - References

The Corrosion of Metallic Artefacts in Seawater: Descriptive Analysis
J B Memet, Laboratoire Arc’Antique, France
 - Introduction
 - Brief description of the seawater environment
 - Iron based artefacts corrosion
 - The marine corrosion of copper alloys
 - The seawater corrosion aspects of lead and tin based ‘white’ metals
 - Knowledge of degradation state of metallic artefacts
 - Conclusion
 - Reference

Contribution of the Local and Structural Characterisation for Studies of the Corrosion Mechanisms Related to the Presence of Chlorine on the Archaeological Ferrous Artefacts
S Réguer, P Dillmann, Comissariat à l’Energie Atomique, F Mirambet, Laboratoire de Restoration des Monuments Historiques and J Susini, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France
 - Introduction
 - Experimental corpus of archaeological artefacts
 - Methodology: cross section characterization
 - Results
 - Discussion
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

A Proposal to Describe Reactivated Corrosion of Archaeological Iron Objects
M A Loeper-Attia, National Institute of Heritage, France
 - Introduction
 - Giving a name to this type of corrosion
 - Forms of corrosion
 - Diagnostic
 - Perspectives
 - References

Simulation of Corrosion Processes of Buried Archaeological Bronze Artefacts
E Angelini, F Rosalbino, S Grassini, Politecnico di Torino, G M Ingo and T de Caro, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy
 - Introduction
 - Materials and methods
 - Results and discussion
 - Conclusion
 - References

Corrosion Patina Or International Patina: Contribution Of Non-Destructive Analyses To The Surface Study Of Copper Based Archaeological Objects
F Mathis, J Salomon, S Pagès-Camagna, M Dubus, D Robcis, M Aucouturier, Centre de Recherche at de Restauration des Musées de France, S Descamps and E Delange, Louvre Museum, France
 - Introduction
 - The objects
 - Instrumentations and methods for analyses
 - Results
 - Discussion
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Tin and Copper Oxides In Corroded Archaeological Bronzes
P Piccardo, Università di Genova, Italy, B Mille, Centre de Recherche at de Restauration des Musées de France and L Robbiola, ENSCP, France
 - Introduction
 - Materials and methods
 - Characterisation of the internal corrosion layers containing oxides
 - Discussion: tin oxide, copper oxide and ‘type 2’ corrosion
 - Conclusion
 - References

Corrosion Problems and Reconstruction of the Copper Roof on the Summer Palace of Queen Ann’s In Prague
K Kreislova, D Knotkova, V Cihal, SVUOM Ltd. and J Had, VSCHT, Czech Republic
 - Introduction
 - Survey of corrosion damage and products of copper roofs and claddings in Prague
 - Corrosion damage on copper roof of Queen Ann’s summer palace
 - Reconstruction of the copper roof
 - Artificial patinas
 - Study of behaviour of artificial patina in atmospheric conditions
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgement
 - References

Long Term Corrosion of Iron At The Waterlogged Site Nydam In Denmark: Studies of Environment, Archaeological Artefacts and Modern Analogues
H Matthiesen, D Gregory, B Sørensen, National Museum of Denmark and L R Hilbert, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
 - Introduction
 - Study-site Methods
 - Results
 - Discussion
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

On-Line Corrosion Monitoring of Indoor Atmospheres
L Sjögren, Swedish Corrosion Institute, Sweden and N Le Bozec, Institut de la Corrosion, France
 - Introduction
 - Experimental
 - Results and discussion
 - Conclusion
 - Acknowledgements
 - References

Corrosion Inhibitors for Metallic Artefacts: Temporary Protection
E Rocca, Université Henri Poincaré, F Mirambet, Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, France
 - Introduction
 - State of the art inhibitors
 - New anti-corrosion formulations: sodium carboxylates
 - Conclusion
 - References

Surface Characterisation of Corrosion Inhibitors on Bronzes for Artistic Casting
A Galtayries, P Marcus, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, France and A Mongiatti, Università di Ferrara, Italy
 - Introduction
 - Experimental
 - Results
 - Discussion
 - Conclusion
 - References

Influence of Microstructure and Composition on Corrosion of Lead-Rich Organ Pipes
C Chiavari, C Dinoi, C Martini, D Prandstraller, University of Bologna, Italy and G Poli, University of Modena, Italy
 - Introduction
 - Experimental
 - Results
 - Discussion
 - Conclusions
 - Acknowledgements
 - References