1st Edition
Field Sampling Principles and Practices in Environmental Analysis
By Alfred R. Conklin, Jr.
Copyright 2004
376 Pages
by
CRC Press
376 Pages
by
CRC Press
Also available as eBook on:
Written by a renowned professional with more than 30 years of experience in environmental sampling and analysis, this reference describes in unparalleled detail all the essential elements for the development and execution of a successful sampling plan at both contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The book covers presampling planning and decision-making, specific sampling situations, and correct sample labeling, and presents the framework and background for the sampling of any contaminated site. Presenting a wide variety of models, quality control procedures, and valuable troubleshooting methods, Field Sampling contains an abundance of topics never before covered in any other source.
INTRODUCTION TO FIELD SAMPLING
Assessing the Sampling Needs
Soil
Water and Air
Presampling
Safety
Sampling
Statistics
Modeling
Sample Handling
What is Present?
Analytical Methods
Traps
Essential Units
Definitions
Other Ways of Sampling and Representing the Environment
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Conclusions
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Parts of the Environment
Soil Formation
Soil Types
Soil Texture, Structure, and Bulk Density
Water Movement Over and Through Soil
Conclusions
Questions
References
PRESAMPLING
Field Office
Field Office Laboratory
The Project Notebook
Maps
Preliminary Field Survey
Field History
Sampling Tools
Other Soil Sampling Considerations
Safety
Sample Containers
Transportation and Storage
Chain of Custody
Analytical Laboratory and Procedures
Statistics
Other Tools to Consider
Modeling
Permitting
Resources
Conclusions
Questions
References
SAFETY
Areas of Safety Concern
Safety Resources
Basic Safety
Signage
Personnel Exposure
Personnel Protection
Monitoring
Safety at Different Field Types
Contamination Types and Concentrations
Off-Field Protection
MSDS Sheets
Merck Index
Conclusions
Questions
References
SAMPLING
General Sampling Considerations
Global Positioning System
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Remote Sensing
Geographical Information Systems
Samplers
Sample Amount
Sample Container
Duplicate, Split, and Composite Samples
Sampling Strategies
Topography
Other Sampling Strategies for Different Field Situations
Sample Handling
Sampling Using GPS
Determining Sample Sites
Quality Control
Labeling
Conclusions
Questions
References
STATISTICS
Random Numbers
Variation
Population
Hypothesis
Median and Mean
Standard Deviation
Different of Same Population
Extraneous Values
How Many Samples?
Comparing Areas
Linear Regression
Geostatistics
Coregionalization
Geostatistical Problems
Conclusions
Questions
References
MODELING
Physical Models
Chemical Models
Simple Mathematical Models
Landscape Models
Modeling Movement of Particles through the Environment
Dynamic Models
Commercial Computer Modeling
GIS and Environmental Modeling
Whole Planet Model
Conclusions
Questions
References
SAMPLE TREATMENT AND STORAGE
Security
Containers
Controls
Transport in the Field
Transport Boxes
Transport Out of Field
Storage
Archival Samples
Separation of Samples at the Field Office
Field Laboratory Handling
Transportation to the Commercial Laboratory
Storage at the Commercial Analytical Laboratory
Chain of Custody
Computer Chain of Custody
Request for Analysis
Conclusions
Questions
References
WHAT IS PRESENT?
In Total
The Inorganic Components
The Organic Components
The Biochemical Component
The Living Component
Conclusions
Questions
References
AN OVERVIEW OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ANALYTICAL MEHTODS
Determining the Problem
What is the Nature of the Sample?
The Sampling Process
What Is to Be Sampled and How Is It to Be Sampled
Documentation
Sample Preparation for Analysis
Analytical Testing
Analytical Methods - Some Specifics
Data Assessment
Report Generation and Documentation
Do the Results Answer the Client's Question?
Some General Questions and Considerations
Conclusions
Questions
References
TRAPS, MISTAKES, AND ERRORS
History of the Area
Area Geology
Knowing What Is or Is Likely to Be Present
Not Accounting for Inputs, Losses, and Movement
Personnel
Analyzing of Sampling for the Wrong Component
Antagomisms and Interferences
Sample Analysis Mismatch
Extraction or Method Errors
Sample/Test Container Errors
Improper Sampling Techniques
Variations in Method
Movement of a Contaminant
Statistical Errors
Conclusions
Questions
References
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix B: Sources
Index
Assessing the Sampling Needs
Soil
Water and Air
Presampling
Safety
Sampling
Statistics
Modeling
Sample Handling
What is Present?
Analytical Methods
Traps
Essential Units
Definitions
Other Ways of Sampling and Representing the Environment
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Conclusions
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Parts of the Environment
Soil Formation
Soil Types
Soil Texture, Structure, and Bulk Density
Water Movement Over and Through Soil
Conclusions
Questions
References
PRESAMPLING
Field Office
Field Office Laboratory
The Project Notebook
Maps
Preliminary Field Survey
Field History
Sampling Tools
Other Soil Sampling Considerations
Safety
Sample Containers
Transportation and Storage
Chain of Custody
Analytical Laboratory and Procedures
Statistics
Other Tools to Consider
Modeling
Permitting
Resources
Conclusions
Questions
References
SAFETY
Areas of Safety Concern
Safety Resources
Basic Safety
Signage
Personnel Exposure
Personnel Protection
Monitoring
Safety at Different Field Types
Contamination Types and Concentrations
Off-Field Protection
MSDS Sheets
Merck Index
Conclusions
Questions
References
SAMPLING
General Sampling Considerations
Global Positioning System
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Remote Sensing
Geographical Information Systems
Samplers
Sample Amount
Sample Container
Duplicate, Split, and Composite Samples
Sampling Strategies
Topography
Other Sampling Strategies for Different Field Situations
Sample Handling
Sampling Using GPS
Determining Sample Sites
Quality Control
Labeling
Conclusions
Questions
References
STATISTICS
Random Numbers
Variation
Population
Hypothesis
Median and Mean
Standard Deviation
Different of Same Population
Extraneous Values
How Many Samples?
Comparing Areas
Linear Regression
Geostatistics
Coregionalization
Geostatistical Problems
Conclusions
Questions
References
MODELING
Physical Models
Chemical Models
Simple Mathematical Models
Landscape Models
Modeling Movement of Particles through the Environment
Dynamic Models
Commercial Computer Modeling
GIS and Environmental Modeling
Whole Planet Model
Conclusions
Questions
References
SAMPLE TREATMENT AND STORAGE
Security
Containers
Controls
Transport in the Field
Transport Boxes
Transport Out of Field
Storage
Archival Samples
Separation of Samples at the Field Office
Field Laboratory Handling
Transportation to the Commercial Laboratory
Storage at the Commercial Analytical Laboratory
Chain of Custody
Computer Chain of Custody
Request for Analysis
Conclusions
Questions
References
WHAT IS PRESENT?
In Total
The Inorganic Components
The Organic Components
The Biochemical Component
The Living Component
Conclusions
Questions
References
AN OVERVIEW OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ANALYTICAL MEHTODS
Determining the Problem
What is the Nature of the Sample?
The Sampling Process
What Is to Be Sampled and How Is It to Be Sampled
Documentation
Sample Preparation for Analysis
Analytical Testing
Analytical Methods - Some Specifics
Data Assessment
Report Generation and Documentation
Do the Results Answer the Client's Question?
Some General Questions and Considerations
Conclusions
Questions
References
TRAPS, MISTAKES, AND ERRORS
History of the Area
Area Geology
Knowing What Is or Is Likely to Be Present
Not Accounting for Inputs, Losses, and Movement
Personnel
Analyzing of Sampling for the Wrong Component
Antagomisms and Interferences
Sample Analysis Mismatch
Extraction or Method Errors
Sample/Test Container Errors
Improper Sampling Techniques
Variations in Method
Movement of a Contaminant
Statistical Errors
Conclusions
Questions
References
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix B: Sources
Index
Biography
Conklin, Jr., Alfred R.
"…a comprehensive, extensively referenced and well-written book."
-Bookshelf
"The purpose of this book is to 'bring together in one place all the information and tools for successful sampling of the environment.' It succeeds admirably in this and is full of personal anecdotes … [O]ne gets the feeling after reading this book that one has spent time with the author learning from his extensive practical experience sampling field sites. … [T]he book successfully introduces all the areas important to environmental sampling, but also deals with the actual process of environmental sample in great detail. I feel that this book would be an excellent addition to your library if you need to teach an undergraduate course on how to sample field sites for an environmental assessment project."
- Journal of Environmental Quality, March/April 2005
"Field Sampling, by Alfred P. Conklin, Jr., is a nice introduction to the practice of environmental sampling and analysis. … [B]asic statistical analyses are clearly explained and depicted by graphs and tables… [T]he author carefully explains how field sampling methods and techniques affect subsequent analyses - for better or worse. … This book is well written, with discussion questions and references listed at the end of each chapter. … This book is recommended for academic libraries that serve undergraduate environmental science programs, as well as practitioners who would like to have a basic field sampling reference book on hand."
- E-Streams, Vol. 7, No. 11, Nov. 2004
"This volume is a good introduction to the science of field sampling. …It contains the basic information that an introductory course in the subject would require and is an excellent reference for the neophyte. The questions and references at the end of each chapter enable it to be a very effective teaching tool. …A major strength is the number of photos, charts, and tables that illustrate the authors' words and provide clear and precise information transfers."
-Environmental Practice, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2005