Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, Second Edition
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Summary
Professionals and students who come from disciplines other than chemistry need a concise, yet reliable guide that explains key concepts in environmental chemistry, from the fundamental science to the necessary calculations for applying them. Updated and reorganized, Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, Second Edition provides the essential background for understanding and solving environmental chemistry problems that arise most frequently.
Diverse and self-contained chapters offer a centralized and easily navigable framework for finding useful data tables that are ordinarily scattered throughout the literature. The book explains how to interpret the significance of water quality data, including expanded tables with water quality parameters and chemicals that relate to water quality. It also contains EPA water use classifications and describes treatment methods for industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharges.
Worked examples provide step-by-step details for frequently used calculations, drawing on case histories from real-world environmental applications. Chapters also offer tools for calculating quick estimates of important quantities and practice problems that apply the principles to different conditions. This practical guide provides an ideal basis for self-study as well as short courses involving the movement and fate of contaminants in the environment.
Table of Contents
Water Quality
Defining Environmental Water Quality
Sources of Water Impurities
Measuring Impurities
Contaminant Behavior in the Environment: Basic Principles
Behavior of Contaminants in Natural Waters
What Are the Fates of Different Pollutants?
Processes That Remove Pollutants from Water
Major Contaminant Groups and Natural Pathways for Their Removal from Water
Chemical and Physical Reactions in the Water Environment
Partitioning Behavior of Pollutants
Intermolecular Forces
Origins of Intermolecular Forces: Electronegativities, Chemical Bonds, and Molecular Geometry
Solubility and Intermolecular Attractions
Major Water Quality Parameters and Applications
Interactions Among Water Quality Parameters
pH
Oxidation–Reduction Potential
Carbon Dioxide, Bicarbonate, and Carbonate
Acidity and Alkalinity
Hardness
Dissolved Oxygen
Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand
Nitrogen: Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate
Sulfide and Hydrogen Sulfide
Phosphorus
Solids (Total, Suspended, and Dissolved)
Temperature
Behavior of Metal Species in the Natural Environment
Metals in Water
Metal Water Quality Standards
Case Study 1: Treatment of Trace Metals in Urban Stormwater Runoff; Behavior of Common Stormwater Pollutants Under Oxidizing and Reducing Conditions.
Case Study 2: Acid Rock Drainage
Case Study 3: Identifying Metal Loss and Gain Mechanisms in a Stream
Soil, Groundwater, and Subsurface Contamination
Nature of Soils
Soil Profiles
Organic Matter in Soil
Soil Zones
Contaminants Become Distributed in Water, Soil, and Air
Partition Coefficients
Mobility of Contaminants in the Subsurface
Particulate Transport in Groundwater: Colloids
Case Study: Clearing Muddy Ponds
General Properties of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids and the Behavior of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface
Types and Properties of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids
General Characteristics of Petroleum Liquids, the Most Common LNAPL
Behavior of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface
Formation of Petroleum Contamination Plumes
Estimating the Amount of LNAPL Free Product in the Subsurface
Estimating the Amount of Residual LNAPL Immobilized in the Subsurface
Chemical Fingerprinting of LNAPLs
Simulated Distillation Curves and Carbon Number Distribution
Behavior of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface
DNAPL Properties
DNAPL Free Product Mobility
Testing for the Presence of DNAPL
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Biodegradation and Bioremediation of LNAPLs and DNAPLs
Biodegradation and Bioremediation
Basic Requirements for Biodegradation
Biodegradation Processes
Natural Aerobic Biodegradation of NAPL Hydrocarbons
Determining the Extent of Bioremediation of LNAPL
Bioremediation of Chlorinated DNAPLs
Behavior of Radionuclides in the Water and Soil Environment
Radionuclides
Emissions and Their Properties
Units of Radioactivity and Absorbed Radiation
Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes in the Environment
Selected Topics in Environmental Chemistry
Agricultural Water Quality
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
Deicing and Sanding of Roads: Controlling Environmental Effects
Drinking Water Treatment
Ion Exchange
Indicators of Fecal Contamination: Coliform and Streptococci Bacteria
Municipal Wastewater Reuse: The Movement and Fate of Microbial Pathogens
Oil and Grease
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Environmental Sampling
Case Study: Water Quality Profile of Groundwater in Coal-Bed Methane Formations
Appendix A: A Selective Dictionary of Water Quality Parameters and Pollutants
Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises
Index
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