1st Edition

Gas Pipeline Hydraulics

By E. Shashi Menon Copyright 2005
    416 Pages 83 B/W Illustrations
    by CRC Press

    In your day-to-day planning, design, operation, and optimization of pipelines, wading through complex formulas and theories is not the way to get the job done. Gas Pipeline Hydraulics acts as a quick-reference guide to formulas, codes, and standards encountered in the gas industry. Based on the author's 30 years of experience in manufacturing and the oil and gas industry, the book presents a step-by-step introduction to the concepts in a practical approach illustrated by real-world examples, case studies, and a wealth of problems at the end of each chapter.

    Avoiding overly complex equations and theorems, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics demonstrates the calculation of pressure drop using various commonly accepted formulas. The author extends this discussion to determine total pressure required under various configurations, the necessity of pressure regulators and control valves, the comparative pros and cons of adding compressor stations versus pipe loops, mechanical strength of the pipeline, and thermal hydraulic analysis. He also introduces transient pressure analysis along with references for more in-depth study. The text concludes with the economic aspects of pipeline systems.

    Containing valuable appendices that provide conversions from USCS to SI units, tables of properties of natural gas, commonly used pipe sizes, and allowable internal and hydrotest pressures, this is the most easy-to-use, hands-on reference for gas pipelines available.

    GAS PROPERTIES
    Mass and Weight
    Volume
    Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Volume
    Specific Gravity
    Viscosity
    Ideal Gases
    Real Gases
    Natural Gas Mixtures
    Pseudo-Critical Properties from Gas Gravity
    Impact of Sour Gas on Non-Hydrocarbon Components
    Compressibility Factor
    Heating Value
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    PRESSURE DROP DUE TO FRICTION
    Bernoulli's Equation
    Flow Equations
    General Flow Equation
    Effect of Pipe Elevations
    Average Pipe Segment Pressure
    Velocity of Gas in a Pipeline
    Erosional Velocity
    Reynolds Number of Flow
    Friction Factor
    Colebrook-White Equation
    Transmission Factor
    Modified Colebrook-White Equation
    American Gas Association (AGA) Equation
    Weymouth Equation
    Panhandle A Equation
    Panhandle B Equation
    Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) Equation
    Spitzglass Equation
    Mueller Equation
    Fritzsche Equation
    Effect of Pipe Roughness
    Comparison of Flow Equations
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    PRESSURE REQUIRED TO TRANSPORT
    Total Pressure Drop Required
    Frictional Effect
    Effect of Pipeline Elevation
    Effect of Changing Pipe Delivery Pressure
    Pipeline with Intermediate Injections and Deliveries
    Series Piping
    Parallel Piping
    Locating Pipe Loop
    Hydraulic Pressure Gradient
    Pressure Regulators and Relief Valves
    Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling
    Line Pack
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    COMPRESSOR STATIONS
    Compressor Station Locations
    Hydraulic Balance
    Isothermal Compression
    Adiabatic Compression
    Polytropic Compression
    Discharge Temperature of Compressed Gas
    Horsepower Required
    Optimum Compressor Locations
    Compressors in Series and Parallel
    Types of Compressors-Centrifugal and Positive Displacement
    Compressor Performance Curves
    Compressor Station Piping Losses
    Compressor Station Schematic
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    PIPE LOOPS VERSUS COMPRESSION
    Purpose of a Pipe Loop
    Purpose of Compression
    Increasing Pipeline Capacity
    Reducing Power Requirements
    Looping in Distribution Piping
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    PIPE ANALYSIS
    Pipe Wall Thickness
    Barlow's Equation
    Thick-Walled Pipes
    Derivation of Barlow's Equation
    Pipe Material and Grade
    Internal Design Pressure Equation
    Class Location
    Mainline Valves
    Hydrostatic Test Pressure
    Blowdown Calculations
    Determining Pipe Tonnage
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    THERMAL HYDRAULICS
    Isothermal versus Thermal Hydraulics
    Temperature Variation and Gas Pipeline Modeling
    Review of Simulation Model Reports
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    TRANSIENT ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDIES
    Unsteady Flow
    Case Studies
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    VALVES AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS
    Purpose of Valves
    Types of Valves
    Material of Construction
    Codes for Design and Construction
    Gate Valve
    Ball Valve
    Plug Valve
    Butterfly Valve
    Globe Valve
    Check Valve
    Pressure Control Valve
    Pressure Regulator
    Pressure Relief Valve
    Flow Measurement
    Flow Meters
    Venturi Meter
    Flow Nozzle
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    PIPELINE ECONOMICS
    Components of Cost
    Capital Costs
    Operating Costs
    Determining Economic Pipe Size
    Summary
    Problems
    References

    APPENDIX A: UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
    APPENDIX B: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GASES
    APPENDIX C: PIPE PROPERTIES-US CUSTOMARY SYSTEM OF UNITS
    APPENDIX D: GASMOD OUTPUT REPORT
    APPENDIX E: SUMMARY OF FORMULAS
    INDEX

    Biography

    E. Shashi Menon