Manual Aerial Survey: Primary Data Acquisition
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Summary
The first step in mapping, GIS, and remote sensing is data acquisition. A multidisciplinary effort, data acquisition involves aviation, navigation, photography, both film and digital cameras, GPS systems, ground control, photogrammetry, and computerized systems. Above all else, successful data acquisition requires a full working knowledge of modern techniques and technologies.
Manual of Aerial Survey: Primary Data Acquisition is the second edition of what has become the definitive reference for aerial surveying. Eminently practical and authored by professionals with more than 90 years of combined experience in the field, this text covers all the essentials of aerial photography, with particular emphasis on the survey aspects of the subject. Using a fresh approach and a minimum of mathematics, the authors take you from basic camera requirements, film types, and processing, to step by step guidelines for mission planning and operational procedures. Their topics include differential GPS systems, survey flight management systems, modern film survey cameras, digital cameras, and laser profilers. Other leading-edge topics include laser profilers, airborne laser mapping, satellite systems, and soft-copy photogrammetry using desktop computer systems, film scanners, and digital camera inputs.
Military reconnaissance, aerial archaeology, remote sensing, surveillance, and a myriad of commercial and industrial applications all depend on aerial data acquisition. Designed to give fast answers to questions on aerial photography, Manual of Aerial Survey offers an expert, efficient introduction to the field and brings you quickly up to date on equipment and techniques.
Table of Contents
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Early Days of Photography
Photographs from an Aerial Platform
Early Military and Mapping Developments
DEFINITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
Vertical Photography and Basic Photogrammetry
Aerial Oblique Photography: Definitions and Applications
Specifications
AIR CAMERA INSTRUMENTATION
Mapping Cameras: Basic Requirements
Mapping Camera Systems and Their Control
Cameras for Oblique Aerial Photography
Modern Military Reconnaissance Cameras: Concept and Usage
PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Physical Requirements
Sensitometric Evaluation: Speed and Contrast
Spectral Characteristics
Panchromatic Air Films
Colour films: Negative and Reversal Types
Infrared film: Monochrome and False Colour
Granularity and its Measurement
EXPOSURE FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
The Nature of the Aerial Scene
Tone Reproduction and Exposure Latitude
Atmospheric Haze and its Effects
Theory of Air Camera Exposure
AIR FILM PROCESSING
The Problem Explained
Rewind-Spool Process
Continuous Processing Machines
Processing Chemistry: Monochrome
The Kodak Versamat 1811-L Roller Transport Colour Processor
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC REQUIREMENTS
Geometric Accuracy of the Image
The Stereoscopic Model
Advances in Photogrammetric Instrumentation
Properties of Terrain and Atmosphere
IMAGE QUALITY
Resolution: Objective and Subjective Features
The Point Spread Function
Modulation Transfer Functions
MTF by Edge Gradient Analysis
Tone Reproduction and the Effects of Haze
AIRCRAFT AND INSTALLATIONS
Camera Platforms and Mission Profiles
Crew and Installation Design
Vibration: Camera Mounts
NAVIGATION SIGHTS
Survey Requirements
Navigation Sights (Telescopes)
Calibration
MISSION PLANNING
Calculations and Formulae
Planning for Line Mapping, Orthophoto, MSP and Colour Photography
Block Photography
System-Based Mission Planning
Choice of Aircraft and Camera Optics
Map Preparation and Flight Pack
Altimetry and Planning for Mountainous Terrain Survey
Photographic Planning: Quantitative and Qualitative
Mission Logistics
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES: FIRST PHASE
Navigation
Pre-Flight and In-Flight Procedures
Navigation Checks
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES: SECOND PHASE
Printing Techniques
Enlarging, Rectification and Mosaicing
SYSTEM-BASED SURVEY NAVIGATION
Satellite navigation systems
DIFFERENTIAL GPS
OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Flight Planning for Oblique Photography
Hand-Held Cameras for Oblique Aerial Photography
Operations Using Light Aircraft
AIRBORNE LASER TERRAIN MAPPING (ALTM)
CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Digital Imagery
Digital Orthophotos
Z/I Digital Modular Camera (DMC)
Mass Storage of Digital Data
Photogrammetric Scanners
Scanning Aperture and Nyquist Theory
The Digital Mapping Camera: A Future Possibility
GLOSSARY
APPENDICES
Institutes and Societies
Companies and Suppliers
Abbreviations
Specifications for Air Survey
Basic Formulae and Relationships for Mission Planning
Conversion Factors
Oblique Scales
General Survey Aircraft Specifications and Performance
INDEX
Editorial Reviews
"[The authors] have created a text that is useful for a wide audience. Photo illustrations throughout the book effectively reinforce the text. … This text does an excellent job of presenting … topics in both an interesting and understandable fashion. It seems just right for the target audience and is ideal for the surveying or engineering professional. … The most important topics … are explained at just the right level and the inclusion of several real-world numerical examples and quite a few illustrations help the reader to understand the text."
- POB Magazine, May 2004
