Opportunistic Infections in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Series Introduction

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Part I: Introduction

The Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

George W. Rutherford

Introduction

Natural History of HIV Infection

AIDS in the United States

Conclusions

References

The African AIDS Experience in Contrast with the Rest of the World

Nathan Clumeck, Philippe Van de Perre, and Michel Carael

Which Viruses Are Involved in African AIDS?

Heterosexual Transmission: Risk Factors and Cofactors

Clinical Aspects of HIV Infection in Africa

Conclusions

References

Defects in Host Defenses in HIV Infection and AIDS: Characteristics and Pathogenesis

James P. Steinberg and John P. Phair

T-Lymphocyte Defects

Natural Killer Cell Activity

Monocyte/Macrophage Function

B-Lymphocyte Function

Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function

Suppressor Substances

Pathogenesis

Clinical Consequences

Summary

References

Clinical and Laboratory Features Associated with Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Suzanne Crowe

Epidemiology

Clinical Features of Acute HIV

Laboratory Findings

Differential Diagnosis of HIV Mononucleosis

Diagnosis

Summary and Conclusion

References

Part II: Clinical Approach to the HIV-Infected Patient

General Approach to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient

Michael Clement

Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection

Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Symptoms of HIV Infection

Laboratory Examination

Chemistry

Specific Clinical Presentations of HIV-Infected Patients

Summary

References

Neurologic Disease in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Robert M. Levy, Dale E. Bredesen, and Mark L. Rosenblum

Incidence of HIV-1-Related Central Nervous System Illness

Epidemiology of AIDS-Related Central Nervous System Illness

AIDS-Related Central Nervous System Syndromes

HIV-1-Related Central Nervous System Diseases

Multiple Intracranial Pathologic Process

AIDS-Related Peripheral Nervous System Syndromes

Diagnosis of AIDS-Related Central Nervous System Illness

Algorithms for the Evaluation of the Patient with AIDS and Neurologic Symptoms

References

Cutaneous Infections in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Clay J. Cockerell and Alvin E. Friedman-Kien

Viral Infections

Bacterial Infections

Fungal Infections

References

Oral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Deborah Greenspan and John S. Greenspan

Fungal and Bacterial Lesions

Virus-Associated Lesions

Other Lesions

Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease

References

Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Peggy S. Weintrub and Gwendolyn B. Scott

Epidemiology

Maternal Transmission

Clinical Features

Immunology

Diagnosis

Management and Therapy

References

Part III: Viral Infections

Herpes Simplex and Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Kim S. Erlich

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical Presentation

Laboratory Diagnosis

References

Cytomegalovirus Disease in Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease

Mark A. Jacobson

Laboratory Diagnosis

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Cytomegalovirus Gastrointestinal Disease

Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis

Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis

Cytomegalovirus Liver Disease

Cytomegalovirus Adrenalitis

Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Disease

Long-Term Outcome in AIDS-Related Cytomegalovirus Disease

References

Epstein-Barr and Other Viral Infections

Mark A. Jacobson

Epstein- Barr Virus Infection

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Adenovirus Infection

References

Part IV: Bacterial Infections

Bacterial Infections in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Jane E. Koehler and Richard E. Chaisson

Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Bacterial Infections

Other Bacterial Pathogens

Bacterial Gastrointestinal Infections

References

Mycobacterial Diseases

Gisela F. Schecter

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium-Avium Complex

Other Atypical Mycobacterial Infections

References

Part V: Fungal Infection

Cryptococcosis in Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Michael S. Simberkoff and Abigail Zuger

Cryptococcosis neoformans

Host Defense Mechanisms Against Cryptococcosis in AIDS

Prevalence and Organ Involvement in Cryptococcosis in AIDS

Clinical Manifestations of Cryptococcosis in AIDS

Diagnosis of Cryptococcosis

Treatment of Cryptococcosis

Prognosis

Maintenance Treatment

Future Directions

References

Endemic Mycoses

Michael G. Threlkeld and William E. Dismukes

Histoplasmosis

Coccidioidomycosis

Sporotrichosis

Blastomycosis

Disseminated Candidiasis

Prevention

Conclusions

References

Part VI: Protozoal Infections

Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

Constance B. Wofsy

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Approach to Therapy

Prevention

References

Toxoplasmosis in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Joseph A. Kovacs

Life Cycle

Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations in Immunocompetent Host

Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations in Patients with AIDS

Histopathology

Laboratory Evaluation

Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis

Therapy

References

Cryptosporidium spp. And Isospora belli

Pearl Ma

Cryptosporidium

Isospora belli

References

Ameba and Giardia Infections

Carolyn Peterson

Amebiasis

Giardiasis

Other Protozoans

References

Ancillary Services

Optimal Use of Diagnostic Laboratories for Evaluation of Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Valerie L. Ng and W. Keith Hadley

Background

Culture and HIV Detection

Diagnosis of Other Viral Illnesses

Bacterial Infections

Diagnosis of Fungal Infections

Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections

Nonspecific Laboratory Tests of Questionable Utility

Conclusions

References

Index

Biography

Gifford Leoung, John Mills