Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements
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Summary
Ultrasound imaging is one of the most important and widely used diagnostic tools in modern medicine, second only to the conventional x-ray. Although considered a mature field, research continues for improving the capabilities and finding new uses for ultrasound technology while driving down the cost of newer, more complicated procedures such as intravascular ultrasound. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements presents new developments, fundamental physics, instrumentation, system architecture, biological effects of ultrasound, and clinical applications that reflect this initiative.
Keeping mathematical derivations to a minimum, this book begins with an overview of the field, the strengths and weaknesses of the technology, and its role relative to other imaging modalities. The book proceeds to describe the fundamental physics involved, a detailed examination of the transducer, conventional imaging approaches, and Doppler measurements. The following chapters explore new developments such as flow, displacement, contrast, harmonic, intracavity, and 4-D imaging. The author concludes by reviewing current status and standards on bioeffects along with a unique chapter on measuring ultrasonic properties of tissues that can be found nowhere else.
Emphasizing the engineering and signal processing aspects of ultrasound technology rather than taking a clinical perspective, Diagnostic Ultrasound: Imaging and Blood Flow Measurements encourages and enables further advances in this established yet dynamic field.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
History
Role of Ultrasound in Medical Imaging
Purpose of the Book
Reference
Further Reading
FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION
Stress and Strain Relationships
Acoustic Wave Equation
Characteristic Impedance
Intensity
Radiation Force
Reflection and Refraction
Attenuation, Absorption, and Scattering
Nonlinearity Parameter B/A
Doppler Effect
References
ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS AND ARRAYS
Piezoelectric Effect
Piezoelectric Constitutive Equation
Ultrasonic Transducers
Mechanical Matching
Electrical Matching
Transducer Beam Characteristics
Arrays
References
GRAY-SCALE ULTRASONIC IMAGING
A (Amplitude)-Mode and B (Brightness)-Mode Imaging
M-Mode and C-Mode
Ultrasound Computed Tomography (CT)
Coded Excitation Imaging
Compound Imaging
Synthetic Aperture Imaging
References
DOPPLER FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Nondirectional CW Flow Meters
Directional Doppler Flow Meters
Pulsed Doppler Flow Meters
Clinical Applications and Doppler Indices
Potential Problems in Doppler Measurements
Tissue Doppler and Multigate Doppler
References
FLOW AND DISPLACEMENT IMAGING
Color Doppler Flow Imaging
Color Doppler Power Imaging
Time-Domain Flow Estimation
Elasticity Imaging
B-Flow Imaging
References
CONTRAST MEDIA AND HARMONIC IMAGING
Contrast Agents
Nonlinear Interactions Between Ultrasound and Bubbles
Modified Rayleigh-Plesset Equation for Encapsulated Gas Bubbles
Solutions to Rayleigh-Plesset Equation
Harmonic Imaging
Native Tissue Harmonic Imaging
Clinical Applications of Contrast Agents and Harmonic Imaging
References
INTRACAVITY AND HIGH-FREQUENCY (HF) IMAGING
Imaging
Intravascular Imaging
High-Frequency Imaging
Acoustic Microscopes
References
MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMAGING
Parallel Processing
Multidimensional Arrays
Three-Dimensional Imaging
References
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND
Acoustic Phenomena at High-Intensity Levels
Ultrasound Bioeffects
Mechanical Effects and Index
References
METHODS FOR MEASURING SPEED, ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND SCATTERING
Velocity
Attenuation
Scattering
References
INDEX
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