Environmental Chemical Analysis
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Summary
The study of the environment requires the reliable and accurate measurement of extremely small quantities of chemicals and the ability to determine if they are pollutants or naturally occurring species. Historically, a "dilute and disperse" method of waste disposal has been accepted; yet as we learn the long-term consequences of such an approach, it is clear that more rigorous waste management techniques are necessary to understand the sources and fates of contaminants and to regulate their discharge.
This volume presents the details of the basic analytical science involved in making these measurements. It concentrates on the basic principles of sampling and sample preparation, followed by the chemical principles of the major instrumental methods used in chemical analysis, and detailed discussions of the major environmental matrices. This book also provides coverage of topics usually only partially discussed in textbooks, such as quality assurance plans and statistical data handling.
Students majoring in environmental sciences need a foundation in measurement techniques used in the field. Environmental Chemical Analysis gives students a thorough grounding in this field and enough information to judge the quality and interpret the information produced in the analytical laboratory.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Role of Measurement in Environmental Studies
Pollutants: Sources and Measurements
Design of Environmental Studies
Basic Statistical Data Handling
Significance Tests
Standards and Calibration
Performance of Analytical Methods: Figures of Merit
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING
The Sampling Plan
Types of Samples
Sampling and Analysis
Statistical Aspects of Sampling
Water Sampling
Biological Tissue Sampling
Soil Sampling
Sampling Stratified Levels in Containers
Preservation of Samples
SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS
Spectroscopic Methods for Environmental Analysis
Absorption Spectroscopy
Emission Spectroscopy
Spectroscopic Apparatus
Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy
X-ray Fluorescence
Hyphenated Spectroscopic Methods
CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
Principles of Chromatography
Quantitation in Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
GC Detectors
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
HPLC Instrumentation
HPLC Detectors
Ion Chromatography
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Applications of Chromatography in Environmental Analysis
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Interpretation of Spectra
Basic Instrumentation
Ion Sources
Mass Analyzers
Ion Detectors
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS)
Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS)
Data Collection
Library Searching Techniques
SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
Extraction of Organic Analytes from Liquid Samples
Extraction of Organic Analytes from Solid Samples
Post-extraction Procedures
Extraction of Metals from Sample Matrices
Speciation of Metals in Environmental Samples
METHODS FOR AIR ANALYSIS
Keeping the Air Clean
Determination of Gaseous Species
Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds
Other Methods for Analysis of Volatiles and Gases
Determination of Pollutants in Particulate Material
Field Methods for Air Analysis
Methods for Stack Monitoring
METHODS FOR WATER ANALYSIS
Sample Collection and Preservation
Potentiometry for Ions and Gases in Aqueous Solution
Metals in Water Samples
Inorganic Anions in Water
Organic Compounds in Water
Volatile Organic Compounds in Water
Semi-volatile Organics in Water
Field Methods for Water
METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES
Sampling
Measurement of Soil pH
Analysis of Metals in Soil and Solids
Analysis of Soil for Total Nitrogen
Colorimetric Tests for Soil and Sludge Analysis
Measurement of Total Organic Carbon in Soil
Volatile Organics in Soils or Solids
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Soil and Sludge
Semi-volatile Organics in Soil and Sludge
Leaching Tests for Wastes
Immunoassay Tests
Field Methods for Solids
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
Determination of Accuracy and Precision
Statistical Control
Performance Evaluation Samples
Contamination Control
Quality Assurance for the Example Determinations
Appendix 1: Percentiles of the t-Distribution
Appendix 2: Critical Values of the f-Test at 5% Level of Significance
Index
