1st Edition
The Analysis Of Drugs Of Abuse: An Instruction Manual An Instruction Manual
Provides a self-teaching reference text for forensic chemistry laboratories and law enforcement agencies world-wide. The text includes sections on the importance of physical examinations of drugs and their wrappings; and the use of gas and high-performance chromatography.
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The drug chemist and forensic science
Introduction
Investigating the scene
Record keeping
General analytical considerations
Drug regulations, the legal process and report writing
References and further reading
2 Physical description of drugs of abuse
Introduction
Cannabis sativa L. and products
Whole plant
Hashish
Hash oil
The active constituents of Cannabis sativa
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Hallucinogens of fungal origin
Hallucinogens from cacti
The opiate drugs
Raw opium
Diamorphine
Coca leaf and cocaine
The amphetamines
Methaqualone and mecloqualone
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Student exercises
Cannabis plant material
Cannabis resin
Drugs of fungal origin
Crude opium resin
Heroin based power
References
3 Presumptive tests for drugs of abuse
Introduction
Tests for common drugs of abuse
Cannabis and products
The Duquenois-Levine test
The Corinth test
Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin and psilocin
Opiate drugs
The Marquis test
Mandelin test
Cocaine and products
Cobalt isothiocyanate
Mandelin reagent
Sodium hydroxide reagent
The amphetamines
The barbiturates
The benzodiazepines
The Zimmerman test
The Vitali-Morin test
Student exercises
Cannabis and its products
The opiate drugs
Cocaine and metabolites
Barbiturate drugs
References
4 Thin layer chromatography of drugs of abuse
Introduction
Spray reagents commonly used in drug analysis
Fast Blue B
Ehrlich’s reagent
Acidified potassium iodoplatinate reagent
Dragendorff reagent
Fast black K
Student exercises
Cannabis and its products
The opiate drugs
Cocaine and surrogates
Barbiturate drugs
References
5 Gas chromatography of drugs of abuse
Introduction
Interpretation of chromatographic data
Standard mixes
Retention time
Kovat’s indices
Quantification
Student exercises
Kovat’s indices and opiate drugs
Gas chromatography of opiate drugs using temperature programming
Gas chromatography of opiate drugs using derviatisation and temperature programming
Cannabinoids
Cocaine and surrogates
The barbiturate drugs
Benzodiazepines
References
6 High Performance liquid chromatography of drugs of abuse
Introduction
The separation process
Normal phase chromatography
Reversed phase chromatography
Ion suppression chromatography
Ion pairing systems and reversed phase chromatography
Gradient elution systems
Detector systems
Quantification of samples and preparation of calibration curves
Single point estimates
Two point calculation: Y = mX + c
Linear regression
Diode array detection
Student exercises
Normal phase chromatography
Analysis of opiate drugs
Quantification of diamorphine in an illicit sample of heroin
Reversed phase chromatography
Barbiturate drugs
Reversed phase chromatography and ion suppression – cannabinoids
Reversed phase chromatography – diode array detection
References
7 Ultra violet spectroscopy of drugs of abuse
Introduction
Recording of an ultra violet absorption spectrum
Drug identification
Drug quantification
Student exercises
8 Infra red spectroscopy of drugs of abuse
Introduction
Sample preparation
The gas phase
Solutions of samples
Nujol mulls
The solid phase
The thin film
The dispersive infra red spectrometer
Spectrum interpretation
The hydroxyl group
Amino, imine and amide groups
The C-H stretches and deformations
Double bond stretching
The carbonyl group
The fingerprint region
Interpretation of infra red spectra of some common drugs of abuse
The opiate drugs
Morphine
6-0-Monoacetylmorphine
Diamorphine
Codeine
Acetylcodeine
Methaqualone
Cocaine
The barbiturates
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines, exemplified by Medazepam
Student exercises
Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy
Library searches
Microscopy and fourier transform infra red (FT-IR) spectrometry
References
9 Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of drugs of abuse
Introduction
The gas chromatograph – mass spectrometer
Ionization techniques used in drugs analysis
Electron impact mass spectrometry
Chemical ionization mass spectroscopy
Fast atom bombardment
Advantages and disadvantages of mass spectroscopy
Data interpretation
Total ion chromatograms
Mass spectral data
Isotope peaks
Selected ion monitoring
Quantification using deuterated internal standards
Student exercises
Underivatised drugs
Opiate drugs
Cocaine and metabolites
Derivatised examples
Opiate drugs
Cannabinoid drugs
Drugs of particular interest
Quantification using deuterated internal standards
Student exercises: answers
Plate section between pp. 20 and pp. 21.
Biography
M D Cole (Author), B Caddy (Author) Forensic Science Unit, University of Strathclyde